Yamanaka. (2007) Cell Stem Cell Vol 1, pp 39-49

Currently Available Methods to Generate Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Somatic or Germ Cells

In mouse models, three methods have been reported to generate pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells: nuclear transfer, fusion, and forced expression of defined factors. Also reported is the generation of chimera-competent pluripotent stem cells after the long-term culture of bone marrow cells. In addition, pluripotent stem cells can be established from mouse adult germ cells: multipotent GS cells and parthenogenetic ES cells.