Randomized clinical trials have used various approaches for smoking intervention. Harm reduction may target the significant other to reduce exposure for the mother/child. Or, it may target the mother to reduce exposure of the fetus/infant. Many provide prenatal smoking cessation assistance by means of self-help manuals, mailed interventions, and/or counseling. More recent studies have examined relapse prevention interventions provided in conjunction with the cessation intervention before delivery or following delivery, particularly with telephone counseling.