CLINICAL TEST OF SENSORY ORGANIZATION AND
BALANCE
Anacker SL and Di Fabio RP.: Influence of sensory inputs on standing balance in community-dwelling elders with a recent history of falling. Physical Therapy 72:575-581, 1992.
Atwater SW, Crowe TK, Deitz JC, Richardson P/K: Interrater and test-retest reliability of two pediatric balance tests. Physical Therapy 70(2):79-87, 1990
Cohen H, Blatchly CA, Gombash LL: A study of the clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Physical Therapy 73:346-354, 1993.
Crowe TK, Deitz JC, Richardson PK, Atwater SW: Interrater reliability of the pediatric clinical test of sensory interaction for balance. Phy & Occ Ther in Pediatics 10(4):1-27,1990
Di Fabio RP, Badke MB: Relationship of sensory organization to balance function in patients with hemiplegia. Physical Therapy 70:543-548, 1990.
Horak FB: Clinical measurement of postural control in adults. Physical Therapy 67 (12):1881-1885, 1987.
Shumway-Cook A, Horak FB: Assessing the influence of sensory interaction on balance. Physical Therapy 66(10):1548-1550, 1986.
Weber PC, Cass SP: Clinical assessment of postural stability. Am J Otol 14(6):566-569, 1993
Westcott SL, Crowe TK, Deitz JC, Richardson P: Test-retest reliability of the pediatric clinical test of sensory interaction for balance. Phy & Occ Ther in Pediatrics 14(1):1-22, 1994
THE BERG BALANCE SCALE
Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, Holliday PJ, Wood-Dauphinee, SL: Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Archives Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 73:1073-1080, 1992
Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B: Measuring balance in the elderly: Validation of an instrument. Canadian J of Public Health, 83:S7-11, 1992
Berg K.: Balance and its measure in the elderly: a review. Physiotherapy Canada 41:240, 1989.
Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI et al.: Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada 41:304, 1989.
Berg K, Wood-Dauphinne S, Williams JI: The balance scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J of Rehab Med, 27:27-36, 1995
Chandler J. Invited commentary. Phys Ther, 76(6):584-585, 1996
Cole B, Finch E, Gowland C, Mayo N: Physical Rehabilitation Outcome Measures, Canadian Physiotherapy Association, 1994.
Harada N, Chiu V, Fowler E, Lee M, Reuben DB: Physical therapy to improve functioning of older people in residential care facilities. Phys Ther, 75(9):830-838, 1995
Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar N, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 77(8):812-819, 1997
Stevenson TJ, Garland SJ: Standing balance during internally produced perturbations in subjects with hemiplegia: Validation of the Balance Scale. Arch of Phy Med and Rehabil, 77:656-662, 1996
Thorbahn LD, Newton RA: Use of the Berg Balance test to predict falls in elderly patients. Phy Ther, 76(6):576-583, 1996
FUNCTIONAL REACH
Donahoe BK, Turner D, Worrell TW: The use of functional reach as a measurement of balance in boys and girls without disabilites ages 5 to 15 years. Pediatric Phys Ther, 6:189-193, 1994.
Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski, Hughs M, Prescott B: How do physiological components of balance affect mobility in elderly men? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74:1343-1349, 1993.
Duncan PW, Studenski S, Chandler J, Prescott B: Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J of Gerontology 47(3): M93-98, 1992.
Duncan P, Weiner D, Chandler J, Studenski S: Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance, J of Gerontology 45:M192-197, 1990.
Studenski S, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Samsa G, Prescott B, Hogue C, Bearon LB: Predicting falls: the role of mobility and nonphysical factors. J Am Geriatric Soc 42(3):297-302, 1994.
Weiner DK, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski SA: Functional reach: a marker of physical frailty. JAGS 40:203-207, 1992.
Weiner DK, Bongiorni DR, Studenski SA, Duncan PW, Kochersberger GG: Does functional reach improve with rehabilitation. Arch Phy Med Rehab 74:796-800, 1993
Mann GC, Whitney SL, Redfern MS, Borello-France DF, Furman JM: Functional reach and single leg stance in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. J of Vestibular Research 6(5):343-358, 1996
THE GET UP AND GO TEST
Mathias S, Nayak USL, Isaacs B.: Balance in the elderly patient: The "Get-up and Go" test. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 67:387-389, 1986.
THE TIMED UP AND GO TEST
Podsiadlo D and Richardson S.: The timed "up & go": A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. JAGS 39:142-148, 1991.
DiFabio RP, Seay R. Use of the "Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: Validity and reliability. Phy Ther 77(9):904-917, 1997.
THE PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE TEST
Reuben DB, Siu AL: An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients. JAGS 38:1105-1112, 1990.
Reuben DB, Siu AL: The predictive validity of self report and performance based measures of function and health. J of Gerontology 4:M106-10, 1992
Reuben DB, Valle LA, Hays RD, Siu AL: Measuring physical function in community-dwelling older persons: A comparison of self-administered interviewer-administered, and performance-based measures. AGS, 43:17-23, 1995
Rozzini R, Giovanni B, et al: Physical performance test and activities of daily living scales in the assessment of health status in elderly people. JAGS 41:1109-1113, 1993.
THE TINETTI TEST
Tinetti ME.: Performance oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatric Society
34:119-126, 1986
Tinetti ME, Mendes de Leon CF, Doucette JT, Baker DI: Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. J of Gerontology 49(3):M140-M147, 1994
Tinetti ME, Ginter SF. Identifying mobility dysfunctions in elderly patients Standard neuromuscular examination or direct assessment. JAMA 259(8):1190-1193, 1988
Tinetti ME. Factors associated with serious injury during falls by ambulatory nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 35:644-648, 1987
Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R: Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. American Journal of Medicine, 80:429-434, 1986.
King MB, Tinetti ME. Falls in the community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatric Society 43:1146-1154, 1995
THE GAIT ABNORMALITY RATING SCALE
Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P and Tobin JN.: Gait assessment in the elderly: A gait abnormality rating scale and its relation to falls. Journal of Gerontology 45:M12-19, 1990.
Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P, et al: Gait and balance in the elderly: two functional capacities that link sensory and motor ability to falls. Clin Geriatr Med 1(3):649-659, 1985.
VanSwearingen JM, Paschal KA, Bonino P, Yang JF: The modified Gait Abnormality Rating Scale for recognizing the risk of recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly adults. Phy Ther 76(9):994-1002, 1996.
DiFabio RP, Seay R. Use of the "Fast evaluation of mobility, balance, and fear" in elderly community dwellers: Validity and reliability. Phy Ther 77(9):904-917, 1997.
Jacobson GP, Newman CW: The development of the dizziness handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:424-427, 1990.
Jacobson GP, Newman CW, Hunter L, and Balzer GK: Balance function test correlates of the dizziness handicap inventory. J Am Acad Audiol 2:253-260, 1991.
Honrubia V, Bell TS, Harris MR, Baloh RW, Fisher LM. Quantitative evaluation of dizziness characteristics and impact on quality of life. Am J of Otology 17:595-602, 1996.
THE ACTIVITIES-SPECIFIC BALANCE CONFIDENCE SCALE
Myers AM, Powell LE, Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Brawley LR, Sherk W. Psychological indicators of balance confidence: relationship to actual and perceived abilities. J of Gerontol 51A(1):M37-M43, 1996
Powell LE, Myers AM. The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale. J of Gerontol 50A(1):M28-M34, 1995
DYNAMIC GAIT INDEX
Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott A, Motor Control Theory and Practical Applications. Williams & Wilkins, 1995.
Shumway-Cook A, Gruber W, Baldwin M, Liao S. The effect of mutlidimensional exercise on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community-living older adults. Phys Ther 77:46-57, 1997
Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar N, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther 77(8):812-819, 1997
THE SF-36
Ware JE, Sherbourne,CD. The MOS 36-Item short-form health survey (SF-36) I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 30(6):473-483, 1992
McHorney CA, Ware JE, Raczek AE. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care 31(3):247-263, 1993
McHorney CA, Ware JE, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short form survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliablity across diverse patient groups. Medical Care 32(1):40-66, 1994
McHorney CA, Kosinski M, Ware JE. Comparisons of the costs and quality of norms for the SF-36 health survey collected by mail versus telephone interview: Results from a national survey. Medical Care 32(6):551-567, 1994
Ware JE, Kosinski M, Bayless MS, McHorney CA, rogers WH, Raczek A.
Comparision of methods for the scoring and statistical analysis of SF-36 health profile and summary measures: Summary of results form the medical outcomes study. Medical Care 33(4):AS264-AS279, 1995
FALLS EFFICACY SCALE
Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisted. Arch Phy Med Rehabil, 77:1025-1029, 1996
Tinetti M, Richman D, Powell L: Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol, 45:P239-43, 1990
Tinetti M, Powell L. Fear of fallingand low self-efficacy: a casue of dependence in elderly persons. J Gerontol, 48:35-38, 1993
DO FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENTS WORK?
Elam JT, Graney MJ, Beaver T, ElDerwi D, Applegate WB, Miller ST. Comparison of subjective ratings of function with observed functional ability of frail older persons. American J Public Health 81(9):1127-1130, 1991
Fried LP, Herdman SJ: Geriatric assessments: multifactorial problems. Physical Therapy Practice. 1(1):88-93, 1992.
Topper AK, Maki BE, Holliday PJ. Are activity-based assessments of balance and gait in the elderly predictive of risk of falling and/or type of fall? American Geriatric Society 41:479-487, 1993
GENERAL CURRENT REFERENCES OF INTEREST
Cress ME, Schechtman KB, Mulrow CD, et al: Relationship between physical perfromance and self-percieved physical function. JAGS, 43:93-101, 1995
Dean E and Ross J: Relationships among cane fitting, function, and falls. Physical Therapy. 73(8):494-504, 1993.
Duncan P, Studenski S, Prescott B, and Chandler J: Assessment of falls in the elderly. Physical Therapy Practice. 1(1):69-76, 1992.
Gehlsen GM, Whaley MH: Falls in the elderly: part I, gait. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 71:735-738, 1990.
Gehlsen GM, Whaley MH: Falls in the elderly: part II, balance, strength, and flexibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 71:739-741, 1990.
Guccione AA: Geriatric Physical Therapy; St Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc, 1993
Heitmann DK, Gossman MR, Shaddeau SA, and Jackson JR: Balance performance and step width in non-institutionalized, elderly, female fallers and non-fallers. Physical Therapy. 69(2):923-931, 1989.
Holliday P, Fernie GR, Maki BE, Lauzon FS: Some bioengineering approaches to the falling problem. Geriatric Medicine Vol 1(7) 1985.
Lichtenstein MJ, Burger MC, Shields SL, Shiavi RG: Comparison of biomechanics platform measures of balance and videotaped measures of gait with a clinical mobility scale in elderly women. J of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 45(2), M49-54, 1990.
Lord SR, Clark RD, and Webster IW: Postural stability and associated physiological factors in a population of aged persons. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 46:69-76, 1991.
Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Anstey KJ. Physiological factors associated with falls in older community-dwelling women. JAGS 42:1110-1117, 1994
Myers AM, Holliday PJ, Harvey KA, Hutchinson KS: Functional performance measrues: are they superior to self-assessments? J of Gerontology, 48: M196-M206, 1993
Patla A, Frank J, Winter D: Assessment of balance control in the elderly: major issues. Physiotherapy Canada 42(2):89-97, 1990.
Rubenstein LZ, et al: Falls and instability in the elderly. JAGS. 36:266-278, 1988.
Walker JE, Howland J: Falls and fear of falling among elderly persons living in the community: occupational therapy interventions. Am J Occup Ther 45(2):119-122, 1990.
Whipple RH, Wolfson LI, Amerman PM. The relationship between knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: An isokinetic study. Am Geriatr Soc 35:13-20, 1987
Wickham C, Cooper C, Margetts BM, Barker DJP: Muscle strength, activity, housing and risk of falls in elderly people. Age and Ageing. 18:47-51, 1989.
Young VL, et al: Fluctuation in grip and pinch strength among normal subjects. The Journal of Hand Surgery 14A(1):125-129, 1989.
Compiled by: Susan L. Whitney, PhD, PT, ATC
University of Pittsburgh
Department of Physical Therapy and Otolaryngology
Pittsburgh, PA
03/16/98
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