INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

	DENSITY AND STRESS (INCREASE AS K IS 
	APPROACHED)

		ANIMAL POPULATIONS

			POPULATION GROWTH MAY BE
			CURTAILED VIA PHYSIOLOGICAL 
			FEEDBACK AS THE RESULT OF 
			STRESS INDUCED BY HIGH DENSITY

				MECHANISMS INCLUDE:

					REDUCED GROWTH AND 
					REPRODUCTION; INCREASED 
					SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE 
					(SUPPRESSED IMMUNE 
					SYSTEM); INCREASED 
					INTRAUTERINE MORTALITY 
					ETC.

						PHEROMONES IN RODENT 
						URINE MAY DELAY 
						SEXUAL MATURITY OF 
						FEMALES

		PLANT POPULATIONS

			REDUCE GROWTH; PRODUCE FEWER 
			RAMETS; ALTER MORPHOLOGY (E.G., 
			LEAVES PER STEM); INVEST 
			PROPORTIONALLY MORE IN 
			REPRODUCTION, OR, DELAY 
			REPRODUCTION

	DISPERSAL

		MAY OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO HIGH 
		DENSITY, OR, AS A BUILT-IN MEANS OF 
		PREVENTING HIGH DENSITY

			

			DISPERSAL OFTEN ASSOCIATED 
			WITH YOUNG INDIVIDUALS (NATAL 
			DISPERSAL) OR INDIVIDUALS 
			ENTERING A PERIOD OF BREEDING 
			ACTIVITIES (BREEDING DISPERSAL)

			DISTANCE AND DIRECTION MAY 
			VARY WITH THE TAXON AND 
			CONDITIONS, BUT IN GENERAL:

				DISPERSERS SETTLE IN THE FIRST 
				UNOCCUPIED SUITABLE SITE 
				THAT THEY ENCOUNTER

			DISPERSERS MAY BE THE LEAST 
			AGGRESSIVE, THE MOST ASOCIAL, 
			OR, PERHAPS, PARTICULAR GENETIC 
			VARIETIES

				SOMETIMES FEMALES DOMINATE 
				AMONG DISPERSERS

			PRESATURATION DISPERSAL MAY 
			BE A ³BETTER² STRATEGY THAN 
			SATURATION DISPERSAL

				PRESATURATION DISPERSAL 
				SUGGESTS THAT DISPERSAL MAY 
				SOMETIMES BE A DENSITY-
				INDEPENDENT PHENOMENON

				SATURATION DISPERSAL 
				SUGGESTS THAT DISPERSAL MAY 
				SOMETIMES BE A DENSITY-
				DEPENDENT PHENOMENON

	SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

		COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS ARE 
		INFLUENCED BY BOTH:

			RESOURCE ABUNDANCE

			AND, SPACE OVER WHICH THE 
			RESOURCE IS DISTRIBUTED

		INTRASPECIFIC AGGRESSIVE 
		INTERACTIONS (AGONISTIC 
		BEHAVIOR) RESULT IN SOCIAL 
		ORGANIZATION OF TWO TYPES:

			SOCIAL DOMINANCE

				ALPHA MALES AND FEMALES 
				HAVE PRIORITY IN 
				REPRODUCTION AND FOOD 
				DISTRIBUTION

					DOMINANCE  MAY BE LINEAR 
					(PECKING ORDER) OR MORE 
					COMPLICATED (PECKING 
					DOMINANCE)

					HIERARCHICAL POSITION IS 
					OFTEN RELATED TO SEXUAL 
					CONDITION

						SOCIAL INTERACTIONS 
						MAY REGULATE 
						POPULATIONS BY 
						LIMITING REPRODUCTION 
						TO HIGH RANKING MALES 
						AND FEMALES

			TERRITORIALITY

				TERRITORY - A DEFENDED 
				AREA OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR 
				SOCIAL GROUP

					TERRITORIES MAY BE:

						GENERAL - A DEFENDED 
						AREA IN WHICH 
						REPRODUCTION AND 
						FEEDING TAKE PLACE

						OR JUST,

						MATING , MATING AND 
						NESTING OR FEEDING 
						AREAS

				TERRITORIAL DEFENSE

					MAY INVOLVE LONG-
					DISTANCE WARNINGS (E.G., 
					SONGS OF BIRDS); VISUAL 
					DISPLAYS (E.G, WARNING 
					COLORS ETC.); SCENT 
					MARKINGS; ATTACKS

				BENEFITS OF TERRITORIALITY

					INCREASED FITNESS

						VIA - ENSURED FOOD 
						SUPPLY, LOWER 
						PREDATION, MATE 
						ATTRACTION

							HOWEVER, THE 
							DEFENSE OF A 
							TERRITORY INVOLVES 
							COST:

								ENERGY THAT 
								MAY BETTER BE 
								INVESTED IN 
								REPRODUCTION

								DEFENSE OF A 
								SUBSTANDARD 
								TERRITORY MAY 
								LOWER FITNESS

									BUT, FITNESS 
									IS ZERO 
									WITHOUT A 
									TERRITORY
				TERRITORIAL SIZE

					NOT FIXED - OFTEN MAY BE 
					SMALLER IF QUALITY IS 
					HIGH, LARGER IF QUALITY IS 
					LOW

						QUALITY IS A MEASURE 
						OF RESOURCES AND/OR 
						DEFENSIBILITY

							MAY VARY FROM 
							PLACE TO PLACE 
							AND/OR YEAR TO 
							YEAR

					THE MINIMUM SIZE OF 
					TERRITORIES OFTEN RESULTS 
					IN MANY INDIVIDUALS NOT 
					HAVING TERRITORIES

						THESE INDIVIDUALS 
						(FLOATING RESERVE) DO 
						NOT REPRODUCE UNLESS 
						A TERRITORY BECOMES 
						AVAILABLE

							THUS:

							TERRITORIALITY MAY 
							OPERATE AS A 
							DENSITY-DEPENDENT 
							POPULATION 
							REGULATING 
							MECHANISM

				

				HOME RANGE

					THE AREA IN WHICH AN 
					ANIMAL NORMALLY LIVES

						IF DEFENDED, IT IS 
						ESSENTIALLY A 
						TERRITORY

						IF NOT DEFENDED, THE 
						HOME RANGE OF AN 
						INDIVIDUAL MAY 
						OVERLAP THAT OF 
						OTHERS

					GENERALLY INCREASE IN 
					SIZE AS A FUNCTION OF 
					BODY SIZE

						GREATER RATE OF 
						INCREASE FOR 
						PREDATORS