|
|
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
|
Urban formal employment (million) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
State sector |
112.44 |
110.44 |
90.58 |
85.72 |
81.02 |
|
Urban Collective |
30.16 |
28.83 |
19.63 |
17.12 |
14.99 |
|
Cooperatives |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.36 |
1.44 |
1.55 |
|
Joint ownership |
0.49 |
0.43 |
0.48 |
0.46 |
0.42 |
|
Limited liability corp. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
4.84 |
6.03 |
6.87 |
|
Shareholding |
3.63 |
4.68 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
4.57 |
|
Private firms |
6.2 |
7.5 |
9.73 |
10.53 |
12.68 |
|
Funded from HK, Macao,
Taiwan |
2.65 |
2.81 |
2.94 |
3.06 |
3.1 |
|
Foreign funding |
2.75 |
3 |
2.93 |
3.06 |
3.32 |
|
Self-employed
individuals |
17.09 |
19.19 |
22.59 |
24.14 |
21.36 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sum of components (A) |
175.41 |
176.88 |
159.18 |
155.76 |
149.88 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban employed persons (B) |
198.15 |
202.07 |
206.78 |
210.14 |
212.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unexplained residual
(=B-A) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Million workers |
22.74 |
25.19 |
47.60 |
54.38 |
62.86 |
|
% of urban employed |
11.5 |
12.5 |
23.0 |
25.9 |
29.5 |
Source: Yearbook 2001, p. 107.
Note: The residual arises because total urban employment is adjusted using “data obtained from the sample surveys
on population changes” (ibid).
Table
2
Population and Labor Force
POPULATION FIGURES
|
|
LABOR FORCE
|
||||||||
|
|
Year-end |
Annual |
|
|
Aggregate Data |
Annual |
Annual |
Percent Annual |
||
Year
|
Population |
Increment |
RNI |
|
Economic |
Employed |
Increment |
Increment |
Increase |
|
|
|
million |
million |
percent |
|
Active |
|
million |
million |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Series A] |
[Series B] |
[Series A] |
[Series B] |
[Series A] |
[Series B] |
|
1980 |
987.0 |
|
1.50 |
|
|
423.6 |
|
13.4 |
|
3.3 |
|
1985 |
1058.5 |
|
|
|
|
498.7 |
|
16.7 |
|
3.9 |
|
1990 |
1143.3 |
|
1.58 |
|
|
639.1 |
|
85.8* |
|
15.5 |
|
1991 |
1158.2 |
14.9 |
1.40 |
|
|
648.0 |
|
8.9 |
|
1.4 |
|
1992 |
1171.7 |
13.5 |
1.22 |
|
|
655.5 |
|
7.5 |
|
1.2 |
|
1993 |
1185.2 |
13.5 |
1.22 |
|
609.6 |
663.7 |
|
8.2 |
|
1.3 |
|
1994 |
1198.5 |
13.3 |
1.20 |
|
687.7* |
672.0 |
78.1* |
8.3 |
12.8 |
1.3 |
|
1995 |
1211.2 |
12.7 |
1.11 |
|
696.6 |
679.5 |
8.9 |
7.5 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
|
1996 |
1223.9 |
12.7 |
1.11 |
|
696.6* |
688.5 |
0.0* |
9.0 |
0.0 |
1.3 |
|
1997 |
1236.3 |
12.4 |
1.05 |
|
705.8 |
696.0 |
9.2 |
7.5 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
|
1998 |
1248.1 |
11.8 |
1.00 |
|
714.1 |
699.6 |
8.3 |
3.6 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
|
1999 |
1259.1 |
11.0 |
0.92 |
|
719.8 |
705.9 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
|
2000 |
1265.8 |
6.7 |
0.53 |
|
|
711.5 |
|
5.6 |
|
0.8 |
*indicates obvious breaks in data series presumably caused by changes in concept or method.
Source: Population and RNI from Yearbook 2001, p. 91; RNI for 2000 calculated from population figures.
Economically active: Labor 2000, p. 3; Labor 1998, p. 3; Labor 1996, p. 3; 1994, p. 7.
Employed: Labor 2000, p. 8; figure for 2000 from Yearbook 2001, p. 107
Table
3
Basic
Data on Population and Employment, 1980-2000
(Million
persons and percent)
|
Category |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
Average growth 1980/90 1990/00 |
|
|
1.
Population |
987.0 |
1143.3 |
1265.8 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
|
2. Increase (%) |
1.19 |
1.44 |
0.53 |
|
|
|
3. Labor force |
423.6 |
639.1 |
711.5 |
3.0* |
1.1 |
|
4. Urban formal employees |
104.4 |
140.6 |
146.6 |
3.0 |
0.4 |
|
5. Labor force composition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5A. Primary |
291.2 |
384.3 |
355.8 |
2.8 |
-0.8 |
|
5B. Secondary |
77.1 |
136.5 |
160.1 |
5.9 |
1.6 |
|
5C. Tertiary |
55.3 |
118.3 |
195.7 |
7.9 |
5.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participation rate |
42.9 |
55.9 |
56.2 |
|
|
|
Female workers# |
35.3 |
37.6 |
39.2 |
|
|
|
Primary |
68.7 |
60.1 |
50.0 |
|
|
|
Secondary |
18.2 |
21.4 |
22.5 |
|
|
|
Tertiary |
13.1 |
18.5 |
27.5 |
|
|
*based on growth during
1980/89. The series rises by an
improbable figure of 87 million workers during 1989/90, presumably reflecting
adjustments based on the 1990 population census (see Labor 2000, p. 9).
# proportion of female workers in units under state, urban collective, or “other” ownership. These figures exclude domestic private enterprises and self-employed individuals.
Sources: Except as noted, data for 1980 and 1990 from Rawski 1999. Data for 2000 are from Yearbook 2001, pp. 91, 107, from Table 1 (RNI for 2000; urban formal employment). Data on female employment are from Labor 2000, p. 15 and Labor 1995, p. 26.
Table
4
Trends
in Formal Employment, 1980-2000
(million
workers)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Percent Annual Increase |
||
|
Year |
State |
Collective |
Other |
Urban |
Urban |
TVE |
Rural |
Total |
Urban |
National |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Private |
Total |
|
Private |
|
Total |
Total |
|
|
1980 |
80.2 |
24.3 |
0.0 |
0.8 |
105.3 |
30.0 |
5.0* |
140.3 |
|
|
|
|
1985 |
89.9 |
33.2 |
0.4 |
4.5 |
128.0 |
69.8 |
10.0* |
207.8 |
|
|
|
|
1990 |
103.5 |
35.5 |
1.6 |
6.7 |
147.3 |
92.7 |
16.0 |
256.0 |
|
|
|
|
1991 |
106.6 |
36.3 |
2.2 |
7.6 |
152.7 |
96.1 |
17.3 |
266.1 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
|
|
1992 |
108.9 |
36.2 |
2.8 |
8.4 |
156.3 |
106.2 |
18.6 |
281.2 |
2.4 |
5.7 |
|
|
1993 |
109.2 |
33.9 |
5.4 |
11.2 |
159.7 |
123.5 |
22.0 |
305.1 |
2.1 |
8.5 |
|
|
1994 |
108.9 |
32.1 |
7.5 |
15.6 |
164.1 |
120.2 |
28.7 |
312.9 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
|
|
1995 |
109.6 |
30.8 |
8.8 |
20.5 |
169.5 |
128.6 |
35.3 |
333.4 |
3.3 |
6.6 |
|
|
1996 |
109.5 |
29.5 |
9.4 |
23.3 |
171.7 |
135.1 |
38.6 |
345.4 |
1.3 |
3.6 |
|
|
1997 |
107.7 |
28.2 |
10.9 |
26.7 |
173.4 |
91.6 |
41.2 |
306.2 |
1.0 |
-11.4 |
|
|
1998 |
88.1 |
19.0 |
16.3 |
32.3 |
155.7 |
125.4 |
45.9 |
327.0 |
-10.2 |
6.8 |
|
|
1999 |
83.4 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
34.7 |
152.4 |
127.0 |
48.0 |
327.4 |
-2.1 |
0.1 |
|
|
2000 |
78.8 |
14.5 |
19.3 |
34.0 |
146.6 |
128.0** |
40.7 |
314.4 |
-3.8 |
-4.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual growth (percent) |
|||||||||||
|
1980/90 |
2.5 |
3.8 |
n.a. |
21.1 |
3.4 |
11.3 |
11.7 |
6.0 |
|
|
|
|
1990/00 |
-2.7 |
-9.0 |
24.7 |
16.3 |
0.0 |
3.2 |
9.3 |
2.1 |
|
|
|
Sources:
Urban data: Yearbook 2001, pp. 118, 120, 122, 131; Labor 2000, p. 14. TVE data: Labor 2000, p. 404. Rural private sector employment is the difference between
national and urban totals See Yearbook 2001, pp. 130-131.
Notes: Urban and rural private sector employment includes both private enterprises and self-employed individuals.
*Zhao Huanxin 2002.
**author’s guess regarding official figure.
|
|
1980/90 |
1990/95 |
1995/2000 |
|
Labor force increment |
215.5 |
40.4 |
32.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formal Sector Labor Absorption |
|
|
|
|
Urban |
|
|
|
|
State-owned Enterprises |
23.3 |
6.1 |
-30.7 |
|
Urban Collectives |
11.2 |
-4.7 |
-16.3 |
|
Other ownership |
1.6 |
7.2 |
10.5 |
|
Urban Private |
5.9 |
13.8 |
13.5 |
|
Rural |
|
|
|
|
Township-Village Enterprises |
62.7 |
35.9 |
-1.6 |
|
Rural private |
11.0 |
19.3 |
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formal Sector Total |
115.7 |
77.6 |
-19.2 |
|
Of which: |
|
|
|
|
Urban |
42.0 |
22.4 |
-23.0 |
|
Rural |
73.7 |
55.2 |
3.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Informal Sector* |
99.8 |
-37.2 |
51.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual Averages |
|
|
|
|
Labor Force Increment |
21.6 |
8.1 |
6.4 |
|
Formal Sector Labor Absorption |
11.6 |
15.5 |
-3.8 |
|
Informal Sector Labor Absorption |
10.0 |
-7.4 |
10.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Residual, including unemployment and under-employment.
Source: Rawski 1999; Tables 2 and 4 above.
(millions)
|
Year |
New Layoffs |
Cumulative Total of Layoffs |
|
1993 |
3.00* |
3.00* |
|
|
|
|
|
1994 |
0.60* |
3.60* |
|
|
|
|
|
1995 |
2.04* |
5.64* |
|
|
|
|
|
1996 |
2.26* |
8.91* |
|
|
|
|
|
1997 |
4.0** – 5.1# |
11.51*; 14# |
|
|
|
|
|
1998 |
7.4+ |
16.0♦ |
|
|
|
|
|
1999 |
7.8++ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000 |
6.5♦♦ |
|
*Taken or calculated from Ma 1999, p. 84.
** Measures 1999, p. 4
# Yang Yixiong 1998, p. 221
♦ internet documents provided by Zhang Wenkui.
+ Labor 1999, p. 441; 76 percent of newly laid-off workers came from the state sector.
++ Labor 2000, p. 409; 79 percent of newly laid-off workers came from the state sector.
♦♦ Zhang Liqun 2001, p. 26 (state sector only).
Table
7
Official
and Alternate Rates of Urban Unemployment
(unemployment
as percent of registered urban population)
|
Year |
Number of Registered Unemployed (Millions) |
Official Unemployment Rate |
Alternate Unemployment Rate |
|
1985 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
n.a. |
|
1990 |
3.8 |
2.5 |
n.a. |
|
1993 |
4.2 |
2.3 |
3.3-3.7 |
|
1994 |
4.8 |
2.6 |
3.6-4.1 |
|
1995 |
5.2 |
2.9 |
4.0-4.7 |
|
1996 |
5.5 |
3.0 |
4.9-5.9 |
|
1997 |
5.7 |
3.1 |
5.6-6.9 |
|
1998 |
5.9 |
3.1 |
7-8 |
|
1999 |
6.2 |
3.1 |
8-9 |
|
2000 |
|
3.1 |
8.3 |
Sources: Registered unemployed from Labor 1987, p. 109; Labor 1991, p. 131; and Hu 1998, p. 106.
Official unemployment rate from Labor 1995, p. 8; Yearbook 1999, p. 133; Yearbook 2000, p. 33; and Yearbook 2001, p. 33.
Alternate data for 1993-1999 are estimates of actual urban unemployment. In each case, the lower (higher) figure is calculated on the assumption that 60% (or 40%) of laid-off workers succeed in obtaining new employment. See Hu, 1998, p. 106. The alternate rate for 2000 is from Hu 2001, Appendix Table 2.
Table
8
Nominal
and Real Wages for Urban Formal Employees and TVE Workers
|
|
Nominal Wages, Annual Figures |
|
|
Real Wages, Annual Percent Increase |
||||||
|
Year |
All Staff |
State |
Urban |
Other |
TVE |
|
All Staff |
State |
Urban |
Other |
|
|
& Workers |
Collective |
Ownership |
Workers |
|
& Workers Sector |
Collective |
Ownership |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
762 |
803 |
623 |
n.a. |
398 |
|
6.1 |
6.0 |
6.9 |
n.a. |
|
1985 |
1148 |
1213 |
967 |
1436 |
|
|
5.3 |
4.8 |
6.6 |
22.5 |
|
1990 |
2140 |
2284 |
1681 |
2987 |
676 |
|
9.2 |
9.7 |
6.6 |
8.9 |
|
1991 |
2340 |
2477 |
1866 |
3468 |
|
|
4.0 |
3.2 |
5.5 |
10.5 |
|
1992 |
2711 |
2878 |
2109 |
3966 |
|
|
6.7 |
7.0 |
1.6 |
5.3 |
|
1993 |
3371 |
3532 |
2592 |
4966 |
|
|
7.1 |
5.7 |
-2.1 |
7.9 |
|
1994 |
4538 |
4797 |
6245 |
6303 |
|
|
7.7 |
8.7 |
-6.1 |
1.5 |
|
1995 |
5500 |
5625 |
3931 |
7463 |
3618 |
|
3.8 |
0.4 |
6.6 |
1.4 |
|
1996 |
6210 |
6280 |
4302 |
8261 |
4195 |
|
3.8 |
2.6 |
5.6 |
1.7 |
|
1997 |
6470 |
6747 |
4512 |
8789 |
|
|
1.1 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
3.2 |
|
1998 |
7479 |
7668 |
5331 |
8972 |
|
|
7.2 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
-1.7 |
|
1999 |
8346 |
8543 |
5774 |
9829 |
5193 |
|
13.1 |
12.9 |
0.2 |
11.0 |
|
2000 |
9371 |
9552 |
6262 |
10984 |
5507 |
|
11.4 |
10.9 |
3.7 |
10.9 |
Sources: urban nominal and real wages: Yearbook 2001, p. 135; TVE nominal wages 1980-1986: Rawski 1999, p. 10.
TVE wages for 1999: “Influence of TVE Development on the Growth of Farm Incomes,” Chinese-language document consulted 12 December 2001 at
http://www.agri.ac.cn/agri_net/02/2-11/0141.htm
TVE wages for 2000: “Overview of TVE Development Under the 9th Five-Year Plan,” Chinese-language document consulted 12 December 2001 at
http://www.cte.gov.cn/zw/tjxx/readxx.asp?idd=26
Table
9
Changes
in Nominal Wages for Staff and Workers (zhigong),
October
1997 to October 1998
|
|
Percent Change |
|
|
Percent Change |
|
Fourteen Cities |
|
|
Major Economic Sectors |
|
|
Beijing |
4.0 |
|
Farming, Fishing, Forestry |
-19.6 |
|
Tianjin |
3.3 |
|
Extractive |
5.0 |
|
Shanghai |
-1.7 |
|
Manufacturing |
1.8 |
|
Fuzhou |
10.2 |
|
Geology & Water Conservancy |
-22.1 |
|
Chongqing |
6.1 |
|
Transport & Communication |
5.1 |
|
Shenzhen |
5.4 |
|
Wholesale & Retail Trade |
1.2 |
|
Xi’an |
8.7 |
|
Finance |
5.1 |
|
Chengdu |
4.1 |
|
Real Estate |
17.7 |
|
Harbin |
5.5 |
|
Education |
9.1 |
|
Jinan |
-1.1 |
|
Science & Technology |
8.4 |
|
Wuxi |
5.9 |
|
Govt., Party & Social Orgs. |
7.8 |
|
Huangshi |
4.7 |
|
|
|
|
Chinhuangdao |
0.5 |
|
Manufacturing -
Selected Branches |
|
|
Foshan |
1.7 |
|
Textiles |
-3.7 |
|
|
|
|
Garments |
-9.4 |
|
Education Levels |
|
|
Lumber processing |
7.7 |
|
Post-secondary education |
6.3 |
|
Chemicals |
6.3 |
|
High school and equivalent |
3.3 |
|
Ferrous metallurgy |
-1.4 |
|
Middle school and below |
1.9 |
|
Metal products |
-3.5 |
|
|
|
|
Machinery |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
Transport equipment |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
Electrical machinery |
3.7 |
|
|
|
|
Electric power |
5.7 |
Source: Chen Gang et al 1999, pp. 3, 42-46.
Table
10
Information
on 1997 Labor Costs Under Different Ownership Groupings
for
Selected Manufacturing Sectors in 14 Large Cities
|
|
|
Per Yuan of Labor Cost |
|
||
|
|
Labor |
|
|
|
Labor share |
|
Category |
Cost per |
Value |
Sales |
Profit |
in Total |
|
|
Worker |
Added |
Revenue |
|
Cost |
|
Overall |
9645.3 |
2.3 |
9.0 |
0.2 |
12.5 |
|
State |
9264.0 |
2.0 |
7.7 |
0.1 |
14.5 |
|
Collective |
5890.8 |
2.1 |
8.4 |
0.0 |
12.5 |
|
Other |
14405.5 |
3.3 |
13.3 |
0.6 |
8.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Food processing |
7119.0 |
2.9 |
22.7 |
0.1 |
4.8 |
|
State |
6436.6 |
1.9 |
16.0 |
-0.2 |
6.7 |
|
Collective |
5897.1 |
3.4 |
16.5 |
0.6 |
6.8 |
|
Other |
14111.7 |
6.6 |
51.8 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Garments |
7379.9 |
2.1 |
8.4 |
0.2 |
11.9 |
|
State |
6998.8 |
2.1 |
7.3 |
0.2 |
10.9 |
|
Collective |
6024.9 |
1.5 |
5.2 |
0.1 |
18.2 |
|
Other |
9170.5 |
2.6 |
11.3 |
0.3 |
10.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pharmaceutical |
10100.0 |
2.5 |
8.5 |
0.5 |
12.6 |
|
State |
9171.9 |
2.3 |
7.8 |
0.3 |
13.3 |
|
Collective |
8839.0 |
1.9 |
9.9 |
0.2 |
10.7 |
|
Other |
13819.0 |
3.1 |
9.7 |
0.9 |
11.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plastics |
8612.1 |
2.1 |
9.5 |
0.1 |
11.4 |
|
State |
8772.9 |
1.6 |
6.9 |
-0.1 |
15.0 |
|
Collective |
5702.1 |
2.7 |
8.8 |
0.0 |
11.0 |
|
Other |
11171.8 |
2.3 |
12.1 |
0.3 |
9.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Specialized Equipment |
10300.4 |
1.3 |
5.5 |
0.0 |
19.5 |
|
State |
10208.7 |
1.1 |
5.0 |
0.0 |
21.6 |
|
Collective |
6220.5 |
1.8 |
5.4 |
0.0 |
19.6 |
|
Other |
15933.1 |
1.7 |
8.3 |
0.2 |
12.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Transport Equipment |
11707.9 |
2.7 |
8.9 |
0.2 |
12.3 |
|
State |
11497.5 |
1.7 |
7.3 |
0.0 |
11.9 |
|
Collective |
5943.9 |
2.2 |
11.5 |
0.2 |
14.2 |
|
Other |
16951.0 |
7.2 |
15.5 |
0.9 |
9.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Electronics &
Telecom. Equip. |
9507.5 |
3.0 |
15.3 |
0.6 |
9.0 |
|
State |
7433.0 |
2.3 |
12.8 |
0.1 |
13.8 |
|
Collective |
7692.6 |
1.1 |
3.9 |
-0.2 |
23.7 |
|
Other |
17863.2 |
4.3 |
20.9 |
1.6 |
5.6 |
Source: Chen Gang et al 1999, pp. 76-78.
Table
11
Information
on 1997 Labor Costs For Manufacturing
By
Region for 14 Large Cities
|
|
Labor |
Per Yuan of Labor Cost |
Labor share |
||
|
|
Cost per |
Value |
Sales |
Profit |
in Total |
|
|
Worker |
Added |
Revenue |
|
Cost |
|
Overall |
9645.3 |
2.3 |
9 |
0.2 |
12.5 |
|
East |
11218.4 |
2.4 |
9.4 |
0.3 |
11.4 |
|
Central |
7630.1 |
2 |
9.1 |
0.1 |
15.3 |
|
West |
6143.8 |
1.8 |
6.1 |
0 |
18.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Garments |
7379.9 |
2.1 |
8.4 |
0.2 |
11.9 |
|
East |
7926.9 |
2 |
8.2 |
0.1 |
11.9 |
|
Central |
5914.3 |
3 |
10.6 |
0.7 |
10.5 |
|
West |
2657.6 |
1.4 |
5.1 |
-0.7 |
19.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Transport Equip. |
13819 |
3.1 |
9.7 |
0.9 |
11.5 |
|
East |
15443.4 |
3.2 |
10.3 |
1 |
10.7 |
|
Central |
7161.2 |
6.1 |
12.6 |
1.7 |
10.4 |
|
West |
9317.2 |
1.2 |
3.2 |
0.5 |
41.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elect. Mach &
Equip. |
11036.9 |
2.8 |
11.5 |
0.2 |
11.2 |
|
East |
12416 |
3 |
12.2 |
0.3 |
10.7 |
|
Central |
6617.9 |
1.3 |
4.9 |
-0.2 |
20.3 |
|
West |
3291.8 |
1.3 |
5.3 |
-0.3 |
18.9 |
Source: Chen Gang et al 1999, pp. 121-123.
Table
12
Men's
and Women's Wages, 14 Large Cities, October 1998
|
Sector |
Monthly Wages For |
|
Index of Women's |
|
|
|
Men |
Women |
|
Wage |
|
|
|
|
|
(Men=100) |
|
Overall |
953.9 |
805.2 |
|
84.4 |
|
Extractive |
562.5 |
422.4 |
|
75.1 |
|
Textiles |
616.2 |
633.2 |
|
102.8 |
|
Garments |
680.2 |
539.8 |
|
79.4 |
|
Paper |
1380.7 |
1134.4 |
|
82.2 |
|
Printing |
1213.5 |
820.0 |
|
67.6 |
|
Chemicals |
864.3 |
819.0 |
|
94.8 |
|
Ferrous metallurgy |
1036.9 |
567.0 |
|
54.7 |
|
Metal products |
897.8 |
739.2 |
|
82.3 |
|
Machinery |
804.3 |
677.2 |
|
84.2 |
|
Electrical machinery |
997.1 |
673.0 |
|
67.5 |
|
Electric power |
1579.4 |
832.6 |
|
52.7 |
|
Construction |
896.3 |
691.8 |
|
77.2 |
|
Post and
telecommunications |
1429.0 |
1085.2 |
|
75.9 |
|
Retail sales |
761.4 |
685.3 |
|
90.0 |
|
Food & drink |
1054.7 |
788.3 |
|
74.7 |
|
Finance |
1957.7 |
1332.4 |
|
68.1 |
|
Hotel |
1089.3 |
721.9 |
|
66.3 |
|
Health |
914.5 |
833.9 |
|
91.2 |
|
Education |
866.5 |
867.4 |
|
100.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Summary data for
sectoral wages |
|
|
|
|
|
Standard deviation |
351.3 |
215.6 |
|
13.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coefficient of
variation |
0.4 |
0.3 |
|
0.2 |
Source: Chen Gang et al 1999, pp. 48-53.
Table 13
Growth of Real GDP per
Person, 1980-2000
(1990 = 100)
|
Year |
Index of Real GDP per Person |
|
1980 |
47.6 |
|
1990 |
100.0 |
|
1991 |
107.7 |
|
1992 |
121.5 |
|
1993 |
136.4 |
|
1994 |
151.9 |
|
1995 |
166.0 |
|
1996 |
180.0 |
|
1997 |
194.0 |
|
1998 |
207.1* |
|
1999 |
219.9* |
|
2000 |
235.4* |
|
2001 |
251.1* |
|
|
|
|
Average annual growth of real GDP per person |
|
|
1980-90 |
7.4 |
|
1990-97 |
9.5 |
* Official estimates of GDP growth for these years are believed to contain large overstatements.
Source: Yearbook 2001, p. 52. I obtain the figure for 2001 by using the officially estimated 7.3 percent real GDP growth for 2000/01 (Xu Binglan 2002, p. 1) and applying the rate of population growth reported for 1999/2000 (see Table 2).
Table 14
Output per Man-Year in
Chinese Industry
(Gross value, thousands of yuan at 1990 prices)
|
Period |
Gross Output per Man-Year |
|
|
|
|
A. State enterprises |
|
|
1988 |
34.96 |
|
1992 |
40.18 |
|
1996 |
56.45 |
|
|
|
|
B. Collective enterprises |
|
|
1988 |
18.34 |
|
1992 |
24.86 |
|
1996 |
52.76 |
|
|
|
|
C. Enterprises under Other Ownership |
|
|
C1. Other domestic enterprises* |
|
|
1988 |
36.85 |
|
1992 |
44.05 |
|
1996 |
66.57 |
|
|
|
|
C2. Foreign-invested enterprises |
|
|
1988 |
83.97 |
|
1992 |
86.55 |
|
1996 |
124.53 |
|
|
|
|
C3. Shareholding enterprises |
|
|
1993 |
71.46 |
|
1996 |
78.85 |
* category consists primarily of domestic private firms.
Source: Jefferson et al 2000, pp. 794-795.