|
|
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
|
Urban formal employment (million) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
State sector |
112.44 |
110.44 |
90.58 |
85.72 |
81.02 |
|
Urban Collective |
30.16 |
28.83 |
19.63 |
17.12 |
14.99 |
|
Cooperatives |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.36 |
1.44 |
1.55 |
|
Joint ownership |
0.49 |
0.43 |
0.48 |
0.46 |
0.42 |
|
Limited liability corp. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
4.84 |
6.03 |
6.87 |
|
Shareholding |
3.63 |
4.68 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
4.57 |
|
Private firms |
6.2 |
7.5 |
9.73 |
10.53 |
12.68 |
|
Funded from HK, Macao,
Taiwan |
2.65 |
2.81 |
2.94 |
3.06 |
3.1 |
|
Foreign funding |
2.75 |
3 |
2.93 |
3.06 |
3.32 |
|
Self-employed
individuals |
17.09 |
19.19 |
22.59 |
24.14 |
21.36 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sum of components (A) |
175.41 |
176.88 |
159.18 |
155.76 |
149.88 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban employed persons (B) |
198.15 |
202.07 |
206.78 |
210.14 |
212.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unexplained residual
(=B-A) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Million workers |
22.74 |
25.19 |
47.60 |
54.38 |
62.86 |
|
% of urban employed |
11.5 |
12.5 |
23.0 |
25.9 |
29.5 |
Source: Yearbook 2001, p. 107.
Note: The residual arises because total urban employment is adjusted using “data obtained from the sample surveys
on population changes” (ibid).
Table
2
Population and Labor Force
POPULATION FIGURES
|
|
LABOR FORCE
|
||||||||
|
|
Year-end |
Annual |
|
|
Aggregate Data |
Annual |
Annual |
Percent Annual |
||
Year
|
Population |
Increment |
RNI |
|
Economic |
Employed |
Increment |
Increment |
Increase |
|
|
|
million |
million |
percent |
|
Active |
|
million |
million |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Series A] |
[Series B] |
[Series A] |
[Series B] |
[Series A] |
[Series B] |
|
1980 |
987.0 |
|
1.50 |
|
|
423.6 |
|
13.4 |
|
3.3 |
|
1985 |
1058.5 |
|
|
|
|
498.7 |
|
16.7 |
|
3.9 |
|
1990 |
1143.3 |
|
1.58 |
|
|
639.1 |
|
85.8* |
|
15.5 |
|
1991 |
1158.2 |
14.9 |
1.40 |
|
|
648.0 |
|
8.9 |
|
1.4 |
|
1992 |
1171.7 |
13.5 |
1.22 |
|
|
655.5 |
|
7.5 |
|
1.2 |
|
1993 |
1185.2 |
13.5 |
1.22 |
|
609.6 |
663.7 |
|
8.2 |
|
1.3 |
|
1994 |
1198.5 |
13.3 |
1.20 |
|
687.7* |
672.0 |
78.1* |
8.3 |
12.8 |
1.3 |
|
1995 |
1211.2 |
12.7 |
1.11 |
|
696.6 |
679.5 |
8.9 |
7.5 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
|
1996 |
1223.9 |
12.7 |
1.11 |
|
696.6* |
688.5 |
0.0* |
9.0 |
0.0 |
1.3 |
|
1997 |
1236.3 |
12.4 |
1.05 |
|
705.8 |
696.0 |
9.2 |
7.5 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
|
1998 |
1248.1 |
11.8 |
1.00 |
|
714.1 |
699.6 |
8.3 |
3.6 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
|
1999 |
1259.1 |
11.0 |
0.92 |
|
719.8 |
705.9 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
|
2000 |
1265.8 |
6.7 |
0.53 |
|
|
711.5 |
|
5.6 |
|
0.8 |
*indicates obvious breaks in data series presumably caused by changes in concept or method.
Source: Population and RNI from Yearbook 2001, p. 91; RNI for 2000 calculated from population figures.
Economically active: Labor 2000, p. 3; Labor 1998, p. 3; Labor 1996, p. 3; 1994, p. 7.
Employed: Labor 2000, p. 8; figure for 2000 from Yearbook 2001, p. 107
Table
3
Basic
Data on Population and Employment, 1980-2000
(Million
persons and percent)
|
Category |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
Average growth 1980/90 1990/00 |
|
|
1.
Population |
987.0 |
1143.3 |
1265.8 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
|
2. Increase (%) |
1.19 |
1.44 |
0.53 |
|
|
|
3. Labor force |
423.6 |
639.1 |
711.5 |
3.0* |
1.1 |
|
4. Urban formal employees |
104.4 |
140.6 |
146.6 |
3.0 |
0.4 |
|
5. Labor force composition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5A. Primary |
291.2 |
384.3 |
355.8 |
2.8 |
-0.8 |
|
5B. Secondary |
77.1 |
136.5 |
160.1 |
5.9 |
1.6 |
|
5C. Tertiary |
55.3 |
118.3 |
195.7 |
7.9 |
5.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participation rate |
42.9 |
55.9 |
56.2 |
|
|
|
Female workers# |
35.3 |
37.6 |
39.2 |
|
|
|
Primary |
68.7 |
60.1 |
50.0 |
|
|
|
Secondary |
18.2 |
21.4 |
22.5 |
|
|
|
Tertiary |
13.1 |
18.5 |
27.5 |
|
|
*based on growth during
1980/89. The series rises by an
improbable figure of 87 million workers during 1989/90, presumably reflecting
adjustments based on the 1990 population census (see Labor 2000, p. 9).
# proportion of female workers in units under state, urban collective, or “other” ownership. These figures exclude domestic private enterprises and self-employed individuals.
Sources: Except as noted, data for 1980 and 1990 from Rawski 1999. Data for 2000 are from Yearbook 2001, pp. 91, 107, from Table 1 (RNI for 2000; urban formal employment). Data on female employment are from Labor 2000, p. 15 and Labor 1995, p. 26.
Table
4
Trends
in Formal Employment, 1980-2000
(million
workers)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Percent Annual Increase |
||
|
Year |
State |
Collective |
Other |
Urban |
Urban |
TVE |
Rural |
Total |
Urban |
National |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Private |
Total |
|
Private |
|
Total |
Total |
|
|
1980 |
80.2 |
24.3 |
0.0 |
0.8 |
105.3 |
30.0 |
5.0* |
140.3 |
|
|
|
|
1985 |
89.9 |
33.2 |
0.4 |
4.5 |
128.0 |
69.8 |
10.0* |
207.8 |
|
|
|
|
1990 |
103.5 |
35.5 |
1.6 |
6.7 |
147.3 |
92.7 |
16.0 |
256.0 |
|
|
|
|
1991 |
106.6 |
36.3 |
2.2 |
7.6 |
152.7 | ||||||