Again, job related. The right chair, the right posture for lifting things. Basically there is no evidence that this helps. Maybe it might but there is no evidence.
Risk factor modification. Again, this probably doesn’t help much in the elderly but things like weight, increasing strength, stopping smoking; biomechanical, lifting and posture; psychosocial, basically there’s been no RCTs. One that hasn’t really been tested. The only thing there is a little bit of evidence on is treating depression. One of the treatments for LBP is to prevent depression. And the current evidence seems to suggest that antidepressants make people less aware of the pain but it does nothing for them functionally. If they couldn’t do an activity before, they can’t do it afterward; now they’re just not depressed or unhappy about it. But still the perception of pain seems to be decreased.