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Because research studies are expensive in time and money the day to day management of health care has to rely on routine statistics.

Further analysis and regrouping can be helpful when data sets can be combined.

Thus record linkage allows a patient’s hospital record in several different hospitals, the primary care record and social data to be integrated.

The advent of an electronic patient record, carried by the patient like a Visa or American Express card (Smart Cards) enables data to be instantly available on previous history, medications, health problems wherever doctor - patient interaction occurs. The card can access a national or international database for updating as well as providing summary data. As these systems come into common use the medical and surgical interventions will provide a real time data base which can be linked to the unit providing care.

Patient: Peter X. 60 year old male Unique Identifier KVHF 42

4 day admission Hospital A with Myocardial Infarction 1997 Cost $10,000

5 day admission to Hospital B for CABG, 1999, Cost $2,000

Drug Profile Atenolol100mg, Captopril 25mg, Aspirin 25mg 500$/month

Qualitative methods have become popular in an attempt to address Consumer expectations and a service sensitive to needs. e.g. Focus groups, consumer surveys.