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Interventions to address risky behaviors such as smoking cessation, inactivity, and poor diet have been tested and shown to be efficacious. These studies have followed standard rules of evidence for determining if an intervention was or was not efficacious (see www.consort-statement.org).

However other factors related to generalizability such as who might benefit most from an intervention, which locations or delivery agents would work best, or how many people would choose to use a program have not been as fully evaluated. Methods to investigate how to "translate" efficacy studies to effectiveness studies are needed.