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Disability cases brought for review before PEBs are of interest to the Armed Forces, if for no other reason, because of the compensation costs associated with disabilities. This figure illustrates the trends in disability compensation costs paid directly by the military departments (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force) for FY 1980-1990 (PJ Amoroso. Personal communication with the Office of the DoD Actuary, Alexandria, VA, 20 August 1998). Overall, compensation expenses have been significant, ranging from $1.2 billion to $1.5 billion in direct payments each year.