The ratio of large families, with five or more members as compared to families of all sizes living within areas, was an indicator of a risk for poverty. This was consistent with published reports of larger than average families being more likely to report poverty. Ratios were used because they quantified not only the distribution of each social dimension of inequality but the range of the distribution within each urban area. Average inequality was measured by standardized factor scores of access to material resources and the new development of resources within urban areas (see next slide -Table 1).