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Gram-negative bacilli produce enzymes that destroy last generation antibiotics, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia (enteric organism), emerged and spread rapidly throughout many countries.

E. coli – an ordinary human pathogen - causes common infections such as urinary tract infection (WHO, fact sheet 194).

E. coli reached rates of 70% in some Southeast Asian countries and China and nearly 10% in some industrialized countries and USA. Some strains of E. coli are resistant to six drug classes.