Safe and effective

The harm that drugs can cause has also led to the development of the field of pharmacoepidemiology.

Drug regulation has led to the development of pharmacoepidemiology.

The field of pharmacoepidemiology has primarily concerned itself with the study of adverse drugs effects…. Studies of adverse effects have been supplemented with studies of adverse events.

Pharmacoepidemiology borrows clinical pharmacology’s focus of inquiry (but it often use individual case report), and epidemiology’s methods (chronic disease epi., e.g. controlled studiese) of inquiry. 

Serious but uncommon drug effects have led to an accelerated search for new methods to study drug effects in large number of patients. This led to a shift from adverse effect studies to adverse event studies.

The 1960’s can be thought to have marked the beginning of the field of pharmacoepidemiology.

The 1990’s and especially the 2000’s have seen another shift in the field, away from its exclusive emphasis on drug utilization and adverse reactions, to the inclusion of other interests as well, such as the use of pharmacoepidemiology to study beneficial drug effects, the application of health economics to the study of drug effects, quality-of-life studies, meta-analysis, etc.

How to prevent adverse effects/drug safety crises: improper use of drugs; patients safety movement

Risk assessment