Moscow is the site of several large automobile factories, heavy industrial plants, construction companies, chemical and oil refineries. Related to such employment sites, there has been an increase from 1995 (11%) to 1997 (14%) in the number of persons working under unhygienic, unsafe, and physically difficult conditions, of which between 34%-40% were women. Public surveillance programs reduced the 4.6/100,000 occupationally-related illnesses, which were officially recorded in Moscow in 1993, to 2.8/100,000 in 1997 (Government Report, 1998).