•      Smoking is a well known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, cancers, lung diseases and many more.

               •Individuals with chronic diseases and smoke are at high risk for irreversible complications such as sudden cardiac events or disabilities because smoking contributes significantly to deterioration of the chronic diseases

        •Risk factors like eating unhealthy food or physical inactivity affects     individuals who adopt these behaviors only; however, smoking affects smokers and non-smokers (passive smoking)

         •Smokers may need higher doses of medications because smoking alters many medications metabolism.

Benowitz N. & Zevin S. (1999). Drug Interactions with Tobacco Smoking: An Update. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 36 (6), 425-438.