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约翰·格朗特在他的Natural
and
Political
Observations in
the
Bills
of
Mortality
*中发现了出生于死亡结构中的规律性。他发现高的型别比率有利于男性的出生和女性的死亡年龄。同时，格朗特同时建立了简单的生命表（生命表的出生命期望和生存指数），并估测了英国伦敦的人口规模。
*
John
Graunt,
《Natural
and
Political
Observations Mentioned
in
a
Following Index,
and
Made upon
the
Bills
of
Mortality》,in
William Petty,
The
Economic Writings
of
Sir W. Petty,
vol. 2, ed. C.H. Hull (New
York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1964): 314-431.
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