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The search for both genetic and environmental risk factors includes both human population genetics investigation, as well as studies involving animal models.  Specifically, selected animal strains are used to model the endo- and intermediate phenotypes involved in the development of human alcohol dependence.   While animal models of alcohol tolerance and alcohol preference have been developed in the past, refinement of current models is still required in order for them to more closely parallel those features of the clinical syndrome phenotype, including modeling such contributing traits as anxiety, propensity for relapse, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors such as craving.