A. Dysphagia: (Secondary) Dysphagia screenings of high-risk patients on admission to a health-care facility.

B. Literacy and Learning Problems: (Primary) Providing young children with the necessary environmental stimuli to enhance communication skills and literacy.

C. Oral Cancer: (Secondary) Oral cancers account for more that 5% of all cancers in the United States. Early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer to coordinate efforts and referrals for diagnosis and treatment is a preventive measure.

D. Ototoxicity: (Primary) Medications used to treat cancer have potential to cause damage to the structures of the inner ear. Patient counseling regarding potential effects on the auditory system prior to drug prescription is a primary or secondary means of prevention. Noice-Induced Hearing Loss: (Secondary) Routine hearing screenings for individuals at risk for NIHL (e.g. musicians, construction workers)

E. Stroke: (Tertiary) Stroke is the number one cause of adult disability in the United States, often resulting in communication disorders. Treatment of aphasia, apraxia, dysarthria, cognitive-communication impairments, and dysphagia are examples of tertiary prevention treated by a speech-language pathologist.

F. Stuttering: (Secondary) Prevention begins with a thorough evaluation of communication demands in a child’s motor, linguistic, emotional, and cognitive capacities.

G. Traumatic Brain Injury: (Primary) Prevention programs targeted at decreasing the incidence of onset in high-risk population is an example of primary prevention (e.g., high-risk parents for child abuse, roadway safety).

H. Voice Disorders: (Primary) Encouragement of healthy voice production through vocal hygiene programs.

Transition Point: At certain ages, individuals are at higher risk for specific disorders...