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Darwin predicted that the fittest will leave more offspring, and later fertility was compared with longevity by Karl Pearson and others. Women who have late children are not healthier than those who stop reproducing early due to early menopause (Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003, 110: 63-65). Links between childlessness and longevity deserve MUCH more attention and remain inconclusive. Life-span may not relate to fertility, being mainly economically influenced. Still, longevity also has its own genes. The Struggle for Existence (1934) by Gause (1910-1986), population mathematics by Volterra (1860-1940) and Lotka (1880-1949) are important. Grinnell had put forth the same strategy in The Auk, 1917, 34: 427. Economic competition as in games like Nash bargaining is the keynote rather than longevity. The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by von Neumanns (1903-1957) and Morgenstern (1902-1977) appeared in 1947. Correlation between longevity and income per capita (GDP, gross domestic product) are the crucial yet severely neglected concerns.

The national financing of old age relates to pension strategies. Review Social Security & Medicare. See http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec16291/index.htm