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In the course of roughly the next 15 years, however, Russia made huge strides and succeeded in closing much of the gap. By 1965, life expectancy for males was 64.3, 67.5 and 66.8 for Russia, France and the United States respectively, and 73.4, 74.7 and 73.7 in the case of females. However this progress was not maintained in later years. The factors behind these developments will be outlined below.

Shkolnikov, V., Mesle, F. and Vallin J. “Health crisis in Russia: Recent trends in life expectancy and causes of death from 1970 to 1993” (Parts I and II), Population: An English Selection, Vol. 8, 1996.