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Besides TBEV and B. burgdorferi, 5 additional virus species (Eyach-, Erve-, Tribec-, Lipovnik-, Uukuniemivirus) have been isolated from ticks in Germany alone. In addition, 4 species of bacteria (Rickettsia slovaca, C. burnetii, A. phagocytophila, Ehrlichia or ! Anaplasma canis) and 4 species of protozoa (B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. bovis, B. microti) are known to cause infections even though sometimes silent ones by the production of antibodies. Infections in humans caused by the Louping ill virus after tick bite are extremely rare. Louping ill virus is a disease of sheep mainly and transmitted by Ixodes ricinus.