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Over a hundred years ago the Swedish educator Ellen Kay wrote a book entitled The Century of Children. These weren’t just a chance title and dedication, but reflected one of the final phases of a process of revaluation of childhood in which we still find ourselves. This is in contrast to the famous sentence of Michel de Montaigne who, referring to child mortality, without clarifying any further wrote “ j’en ai perdu deux ou trois en nourrice ”. It contrasts also with earlier times when infant life had apparently scarce importance for the rest of society and for doctors.