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As a test of the window idea Alex Firsov and Steve Zinner (12) carried out a pharmacodynamic study in which moxifloxacin concentration was varied so that it was either above, within, or below the selection window throughout treatment using an in vitro model (left panels). The dynamic model contained Staphylococcus aureus, and at the times indicated by the arrows moxifloxacin was added and samples were taken for analysis. Determination of MIC showed that resistant mutants were enriched only when the moxifloxacin concentration was inside the selection window for at least 20% of the time.