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A large number of epidemiologic studies of different design (case-control studies, cohort studies of alcoholics, and prospective studies of free-living persons) have generally found no association between alcohol use and gastric cancer. Uniquely, increased risk was reported in relation to a heavy use of red wine in France and Portugal, and vodka drinking in Poland; these studies are all case-control studies. Ref:Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 668-74 (wine in France); Int J Cancer 1986; 37: 837-42 (vodka in Poland); Eur J Cancer Prev 1994; 3: 269-76 (wine in Portugal).