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The same epidemiologic studies confirm the high rate of DM. The authors indicate that subjects who converted to DM within five years postpartum tend to have impaired beta cell functions during pregnancy. In addition to beta cell impairment, they have fall into the higher percentile of an ideal body weight (i.e., obesity) , and high percent of family history. Thirty percent of those women who converted to DM within 5 years of postpartum had a mother with diabetes while 11 percent had a diabetic father.