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The prevalence of diabetes in the Pima Indians living in Mexico is only one-sixth of that in the Pima Indians living in the USA. Among Mexican Pima Indians, the prevalence is only slightly higher than that found in non-Pima Mexicans living in the same area. Given the genetic makeup of the Pima Indians from the USA and in Mexico is similar, the only explanation for the difference in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is that environmental factors are the major determinant of the difference in prevalence in the two locations.