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As a clinician you want to avoid making type I or type II errors. Type I error occurs for example when you tell the client that the horse has colic due to parasites when the horse does not. Type II error is when you tell the client that the horse does not have colic due to parasites when it does. The clinician does not know the "true" status of the disease. The closest that you get to the true status of disease is based on the data you collected and the laboratory results obtained, and how these compared to population-based studies. The epidemiologists conduct population-based studies.