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Insufficient folic acid, alcohol, and rubella are three leading causes of
preventable births defects (CDC-USA). Since in developed populations women
participate more into the labor force than in underdeveloped ones,
occupational risks for the fetus are more important in the former than in
the latter.
Occupational exposures Female workers, as compared with housewives, are at reproductive risk for subfertility, miscarriages, and birth defects. In spite of being nonspecific, this risk seems to be real. Lead (battery & printing industries) causes mental retardation. PCB (plastic industry) causes mental retardation. Shortwave (physiotherapist) causes miscarriage. Savitz DA, Olshan AF, Gallagher K (1996) Maternal occupation and pregnancy outcome. Epidemiology 7:269-274. |
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