DEPARTMENT
OF ANTHROPOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF
PITTSBURGH
ANTHROPOLOGY
1605: Primate Anatomy
Spring Term 2018
360 Scaife Hall
Course
Directors: Dr. Michael I. Siegel & Dr. Mark P. Mooney
Instructor: Dr.
Seth Weinberg
Office: 3126 Posvar Hall
648-7517/648-8833/648-8928
Teaching
Assistant: 648-7500
Before
students can receive permission to register for the class they must have
completed the Bloodborne Pathogens training session (in person-not on-line module) and received a
certification.
Note
the Anatomic Specimens Bloodborne Pathogen
Training/Certification Requirement:
http://www.ehs.pitt.edu/assets/docs/blood-pathogens.pdf
and the schedule of training sessions for
the Fall 2017 Term:
http://www.ehs.pitt.edu/assets/docs/2017TrainingDates.pdf
· Gray's Anatomy for Students - 3rd edition by Richard Drake
Recommended
Text:
· An Illustrated Atlas of the Skeletal
Muscles - Boden Boden , Morton,
paper
Additional
Reading:
· Atlas of Primate Gross Anatomy - D. R. Swindler and C. D. Wood, Univ.
of Washington Press, 1973
· The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey - edited by C. G. Hartman and W. L.
Strauss, Hafner Publishing Co., revised 1971
· Rhesus Monkey Anatomy: Dissection Manual
and Atlas - O. M. Berringer et al., Anatomy Laboratory Aids, 1968
The course will meet on
the following Wednesday dates:
|
January |
10, 17, 24, 31
|
|
February |
7, 14, , 21, 28 |
|
March |
14, 21, 28,
(March 4-11 Holiday) |
|
April |
4, 11, 18 |
|
· Bolded dates indicate dates of
examination |
|
· The laboratory
will be available for use on additional week-days except the week of the
Mid-Term Exam (2/21/18) and the week of the 2nd Practical Exam (4/18/18).
Other times may be arranged on demand.
· Instruments will
be available in the laboratory. Dissecting gowns are required.
· Cadavers will be
provided and it is your
responsibility to see that they are well cared for. All material must be moist
and covered when not in use.
o Remember, this
was a person who donated themselves for your education. Treat them with the
respect that they deserve.
For a
general survey of extant primates, some good sources include:
·
Ankel-Simons,
F. (2007). Chapter 4: Survey of Living Primates. Primate Anatomy, an Introducion (3rd
edition). New York: Elsevier.
·
Dolhinow,
P., Fuentes, A. (1999). The Nonhuman
Primates. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company.
·
Hooton,
E. (1971). Man’s Poor Relations. New
York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.
·
Morbeck,
M. E., Zihlman, A. L. (1988). Chapter 21: Body
Composition and Limb Proportions. In J. H. Schwartz (Ed.), Orang-utan Biology (285-297).
·
Napier, J. R. & Napier, P. H. (1967). A
Handbook of Living Primates: Morphology, Ecology, and Behavior of Nonhuman
Primates. London,
England: Academic Press.
For
an extremely in-depth comparison of primates:
·
Hill,
W. C. O. (1953-1970). Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy [Vols.
1-8]. Edinburgh, Great Britain: the University Press.
There
is a very large selection of non-human primate reference materials in the QL737
section of Langley Library (floor B3) and a small selection in the General
Collection (QL737 section) of the Hillman Library (4th floor). Most
of the previously listed references may be checked out of either building.
Laboratory
#1--Introduction
Reading
Assignments:
o
Required
o Gray’s: Chapter
1
o Swindler &
Wood: pg. 1-55
o Berringer: pg. 1-14
o Hartman &
Strauss: pg. 1-28
·
Additional
o Gross Anatomy Textbooks
§ Callander's Surgical
Anatomy,
4th Ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1958.
§ Cunningham's
Textbook of Anatomy,
9th Ed., New York, Oxford University Press, 1951.
§ Grant, J. C. B. A
Method of Anatomy, 5th Ed., Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1957.
§ Gray's Anatomy, 27th Ed.,
Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1959.
§ Mainland, D. Anatomy
as a Basis of Medical and Dental Practice, New York, Hoeber
Inc., 1945.
§ Edwards, L. F. Concise
Anatomy, 2nd Ed., New York, McGraw-Hill, 1956.
o Gross Anatomy
Atlases
§ Bassett, D. L., A
Stereoscopic Atlas of Human Anatomy, (Distributed by Williams &
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore).
§ Spalteholz, W. Hand-atlas
of Human Anatomy, 3 vol. 14th Ed., Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1940, or
others.
§ Grant, J. C. B. An
Atlas of Anatomy, 4th Ed., Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1956.
o Microscopic
Anatomy Textbooks
§ Copenhaver, W. M. and
Johnson, D. D. Bailey's Textbook of Histology, 14th Ed., Baltimore,
Williams & Wilkins, 1958.
§ Maximow, A. A. and
Bloom, W. A Textbook of Histology, 7th Ed., Philadelphia, W. B.
Saunders, 1957.
o Physiology
§ Amberson, W. R. and
Smith, D. C. Outline of Physiology, 2nd Ed., Baltimore, Williams &
Wilkins, 1948.
§ Carlson, A. J.
and Johnson, V. The Machinery of the Body, 4th Ed., Chicago, Univ. of
Chicago Press, 1953.
§ Fulton, J. F. A
Textbook of Physiology, 17th Ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1955.
§ Guyton, A. C. Textbook
of Medical Physiology, 1st Ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1956.
§ Guyton, A. C. Function
of the Human Body, 1st Ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1959.
o Embryology
§ Arey, L. B. Developmental
Anatomy, 6th Ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 195_.
§ Dodds, G. S. Essentials
of Human Embryology, 2nd Ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1938.
§ Patten, B. M. Human
Embryology, 2nd Ed., New York, Blakiston, 1953.
o Neuro-Anatomy
§ Ranson, S. W. The
Anatomy of the Nervous System, 10th Ed., Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders,
1959.
§ Truex, R. C. Strong and Elwyn's Human Neuroanatomy, 4th Ed., Williams and Wilkins, 1959.
o Textbooks of Anatomy and Physiology
§ Anthony, C. P. Textbook
of Anatomy & Physiology, 5th Ed., St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 1959.
§ Greisheimer, E. Physiology
and Anatomy, 7th Ed., Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1955
§ Kimber, D. C., Gray,
C. E., Stackpole, C. E., Leavell,
L. L. Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology, 13 Ed., New York, MacMillan,
1958.
§ Millard, N. D.
& King, B. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Ed., Philadelphia, W.
B. Saunders, 1956.
o General
§ Ferguson, I. L.
and F. S. Ferguson, The Mathematics of Dosages &
Solutions for Nurses.
§ Dorland's Pocket
Medical Dictionary, 21 Ed., W. B. Saunders, 1968.
§ Dorland's
Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 23rd Ed., W. B. Saunders, 1957.
Laboratory 2:
Dissection of the Back
Museum
specimens: MS16, MS12, MS26, MS30, MS31, MS34, 0S2-23, OS2-24, OS7-01, OS8-0,
OS9-01, OS9-02, MI6-21, MI6-33
Reading
assignments:
· Required
o Gray’s: chapter
2 (p. 55-117)
· Additional
o Swindler &
Wood: 128-9, 166-173
o Hartman &
Strauss: 57-61, 116-126, 303
o Berringer et al.: 18-21,
28-31
Structures
Muscles:
· Cutaneous
· Erector spinea
o Iliocostalis
o Longissimus
· Latissimus dorsi
· Levator scapulae (atlantoscapularis)
· Posterior
inferior serratus
· Posterior
superior serratus
· Rhomboid
· Splenius
· Transversospinales
o Multifidus
o Rotators
o Semispinalis
· Trapezius
Nerves:
· Accessory
· Cutaneous
Vessels:
· Arteries
o Occipital
Comparative
anatomy
·
Extensor
caudae lateralis
– this muscle, along with the abductor caudae group, is present in primates with mobile tails.
It is absent in apes and humans.
·
Ischial callosities – paired, externally
visible, fatty sitting pads on the ischium of old
world monkeys and gibbons. They are absent in humans and great apes.
·
Levator scapulae muscle – in Macaques
this muscle is actually 2 different muscles termed atlantoscapularis anterior and
atlantoscapularis posterior. In humans and apes, the atlantoscapularis muscles along with the upper cervical
portion of serratus anterior (absent as a distinct muscles
in humans) are collectively referred to as levator scapulae.
·
Rhomboid
muscles – in both macaques and some great apes
(oranguatans) the rhomboid muscles are comprised of 3
parts: capitis, lending extra support to the head,
cervical, and thoracic. In macaques the thoracic part is quite extensive,
originating as low as T7. In apes, the cervical and thoracic parts are often
fused. In humans, the muscle consists of 2 usually distinct parts: the rhomboid minor and more inferior rhomboid major.
Additional
References
·
Aiello, Leslie &
Christopher Dean (1996). An Introduction
to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. London: Academic Press.
·
Ankel-Simons,
F. (2007). Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton (284-311), Primate Anatomy, an Introducion (3rd
edition). New York: Elsevier.
·
Hartman & Strauss
(see course notes for reference)
·
Schultz, A. H.,
(1961). Vertebral column and thorax primatologia,
vol. 4, part 5, pp. 1-66, Basel: S. Karger.
·
Trevor-Jones, R.,
(1970). The musculo-skeletal anatomy of the baboon’s
tail. South African Journal of Science,
66(10), 316-323.
·
Winkler, L. A.,
(1989). Variation in sub-occipital anatomy. In: J. H. Schwartz (Ed.), Orangutan biology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Laboratory
3: Dissection of the Head and Neck
Museum
specimens: MC1-01, MC1-02, MC2-02, MC4-02, MC7-01, MC7-02, MC16-11, MC16-12,
MC18-01, MC18-02, MC18-03, MC18-04, MC18-05, MC21-01, MC21-11, MS-35, HN1-3,
HN1-32, HN2-02, HN2-11, P2-02, 0S7-51
Reading
assignments:
· Required
o Gray’s, chapter 8 (p. 796-1070)
· Additional
o Swindler &
Wood: part 2
o Hartman &
Strauss: 94-100, 176-188, 253-4, 290-202
o Berringer et al.: 32-3,
176-188
Structures
Foramen/fossa:
· Infratemporal fossa
· Foramen ovale
· Stylomastoid foramen
Glands:
· Parotid (and
duct)
· Pituitary
· Submandibular
· Thyroid
Miscellaneous:
·
Carotid sheath
·
Diaphragma sellae
·
Falx cerebelli
·
Falx cerebri
·
Semilunar ganglion
·
Tentorium cerebelli
Muscles:
· Buccinator
· Epicranius
· Frontalis
· Masseter
· Mylohyoid
· Occipitalis
· Omohyoid
· Platysma
· Sternocleidomastoid
· Sternohyoid
· Sternothyroid
· Temporalis
Nerves:
· Cranial
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
V1:
Opthalmic
V2:
Maxillary
V3: Mandibular
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accesory
XII. Hypoglossal
Sinuses:
·
Confluence of
sinuses
·
Inferior sagittal
·
Sigmoid
·
Straight
·
Superior sagittal
·
Transverse
·
Venous (of the
dura)
Vessels:
·
Arteries:
o
Common carotid
o
External carotid
o
Facial
o
Internal carotid
·
Veins:
o
External jugular
o
Facial
o
Internal jugular
Comparative anatomy
· Sternocleidomastoid complex: in macaques this complex is represented
by 3 distinct mucles: the sterno-mastoid, cleido-mastoid, and cleido-occipital. In apes and humans, the
complex is typically referred to as a single sternocleidomastoid muscle with separate clavicular and sterna origins, which fuse to insert
superiorly on the mastoid process. Confusion exists, however, as the muscle is
sometimes described for humans as being comprised of 4 parts:sterno-mastoid, sterno-occipital,
cleido-mastoid, and cleido-occipital. Some of the confusion may be related to the variable
presence of the cleido-occipital portion of the complex in
humans.
· Atlanto-clavicularis: a muscle present in both apes and most
other mammals, but lost in humans. It runs from the transverse process of the
atlas to the outer portion of the clavicle. Functionally, its presence may have
to do with stabilizing the shoulder during extension at the gleno-humeral
joint.
o Why might humans not possess such a muscle?
· Infrahyoid muscles (sterno-thyroid, sterno-hyoid, thyro-hyoid, and
omohyoid):
in humans, the omohyoid
is frequently intersected by an intermediate tendon, dividing the muscle into
superior and inferior bellies. This arrangement is frequently absent in other
primates, especially monkeys. The other muscles are basically the same across
higher primates, although it should be noted that a considerable amount of
intra-specific variation exists in their arrangement and structure.
· Temporalis muscle: this muscle has been quite conservative
in primate evolution as a muscle of mastication. What should be noted, however,
is its relative difference in size across primates. Specifically, the extent of
its origin from the cranial vault.
o How are masticatory
function, muscle surface attachment, and brain size related to the presence or
absence of a sagittal crest?
Additional
References
· Ankel-Simons, F.
(2007). Chapter 5: Skull, Primate
Anatomy, an Introducion (3rd edition).
New York: Elsevier.
· Diogo, R. & Wood,
B. (2012) Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of Primate Muscles and Human
Evolution. CRC Press, NY.
· Gaspart, M. et al.,
(1973) Organisation architectural du muscle temporal et des faisceaux de transition du complexe temporomasseterin chez
les primates et I’Homme. Jour. Biol. Buccale 1: 171-196.
· Gaspart, M. et al.,
(1973) Organisation architectural et
texture du muscle masseter chez les primates et l’Homme. Jour. Biol. Buccale 1:
7-20.
· Jablonski, N. G. (1986) A
History of Form and Function in the Primate Masticatory
Apparatus from the Ancestral Primate through the Strepsirhines. Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics, Evolution,
and Anatomy, 537-558.
· Krantz, G. (1963) The functional significance of the mastoid process in man.
21: 591-593.
·
Schultz,
A. H. (1954) Die foramina infraorbitalia der Primaten Z. Fur Morph. Anthrop. 46: 404-407.
·
Laboratory 4: Dissection
of the Upper Extremity, Pt. 1
Museum
specimens: MC2-11, MC2-22, MS-40, MS-35, MS-12, OS2-31, OS2-32, OS2-21, OS2-23,
OS2-02, OS3-02
Reading
assignments:
· Required
o Gray’s, chapter
7 (p. 650-729)
· Additional
o Swindler &
Wood: 122-147
o Hartman &
Strauss: 101-103, 127-134, 249-251, 309-317
o Berringer et al.: 15-21,
85-87
Structures
Miscellaneous:
· Sub-acromial bursa
Muscles:
· Anconeus
· Biceps brachii
· Coracobrachialis
· Deltoid
· Infraspinous
· Pectoralis major
· Pectoralis minor
· Subclavius
· Subscapularis
· Supraspinous
· Teres major
· Teres minor
· Triceps
Nerves:
· Brachial plexus
o
Roots
§
C5-C6
·
Upper
trunk
§
C7
·
Middle
trunk
§
C8-T1
·
Lower
trunk
o
Anterior
division
§
Lateral
cord
·
Musculotaneous
o
Median
branch
§
Medial
cord
·
Median
·
Ulnar
o
Posterior
division
§
Posterior
cord
·
Axillary
·
Radial
Vessels:
· Arteries
o
Axillary
o
Brachial
o
Posterior
circumflex humeral
o
Subclavian
· Veins
o
Axillary
o
Basilic
o
Brachial
o
Cephalic
o
Median
cubital
o
Subclavian
Comparative
anatomy
· Panniculus Carnosus: this muscle is
present in prosimians, monkeys, and other mammals,
but lost in hominids. The muscle arises from the superficial fascia of the
thigh, lower back and gluteal regions to insert with pect. major into
the humerus. The muscle tenses the skin covering the
trunk and may aid pect. major.
· Pectoralis Abdominalis: usually absent
as a distince muscle in hominoids, this muscle arises
from the rectus abdominis
sheath to insert with pect. major into the humerus. It
aids the pect. major.
· Coracobrachialis profundus: muscle present
in prosimians and monkeys. Lying deep to the coracobrachilis medius, it
arises from the coracoids process to insert onto the surgical neck of the humerus. It is a medial rotator of the humerus.
· Dorsoepitrochlearis: an accessory muscle to the triceps
complex, this muscle is common in prosimians and
monkeys, less common in non-human apes and rare in humans. It arises from the lattisimus dorsi muscle
(near its insertion into the humerus) to insert onto
either the olecranon process of the ulna (in monkeys)
or the medial epicondyle of the humerus
(brachiating apes). Its action on the upper limb depends on its insertion.
Additional
References
· Ankel-Simons, F.
(2007). Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton (311-317), Primate Anatomy, an Introducion (3rd
edition). New York: Elsevier.
· Ashton, E. H.
& E. Oxnard (1963) The musculature of the primate
shoulder. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 29 (7): 552-650.
· Diogo, R. & Wood,
B. (2012) Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of Primate Muscles and Human
Evolution. CRC Press, NY.
· Jouffroy, F. K. (1975).
Chapter 9: Osteology and Myology
of the Lemuriform Postcranial Skeleton. In I. Tattersall & R. Sussman
(Eds.), Lemur Biology (149-192).
· Roberts, D.
& Davidson, I. (1975). Chapter 8: the Lemur Scapula. In I. Tattersall & R. Sussman
(Eds.), Lemur Biology (125-148).
· Southwestern J.
Anthrop. 18: 119-148.
Laboratory 5:
Dissection of the Upper Extremity, Pt. 2
Museum
specimens: MC4-21, MC4-22, MC2-21, MC2-22, MC5-21, MC5-22, OS3-21, OS3-22,
OS3-23, OS3-24, OS3-31, OS3-32, OS3-42
Reading
assignments:
· Required
o
Gray’s, chapter 7 (p. 729-785)
· Additional
o
Swindler
& Wood: 148-162
o
Hartman
& Strauss: 134-148, 252
o
Berringer et al.: 21-29
Structures
Bony:
· Radius
o
Head
o
Styloid process
· Scapula
o
Olecranon process
· Ulna
o
Styloid process
Muscles:
· Abductor pollicis longus
· Brachioradialis
· Extensor carpi radialis brevis
· Extensor carpi radialis longus
· Extensor carpi ulnaris
· Extensor digiti minimi
· Extensor digiti secundi
· Extensor digitorum communis
· Extensor indicis (Extensor digiti tertii)
· Extensor pollicis brevis
· Extensor pollicis longus
· Flexor carpi radialis
· Flexor carpi ulnaris
· Flexor digitorum profundus
· Flexor digitorum superficialis
· Palmaris brevis
· Palmaris lonus
· Pronator teres
· Pronator quadrutus
· Supinator
· Thenar
Nerves:
· Median
· Radial
· Ulnar
Vessels:
· Arteries
o
Ulnar
Comparative
anatomy
· Epitrochleoanconeus: this small muscle connecting the medial
epicondyle to the olecranon
process is common in lower primates. Only about 25% of humans will possess this
muscle.
· Extensor digiti quarti: this muscle is absent as a separate
entity in hominoids. In monekys the muscle extends
the 4th digit.
· Extensor digiti tertii: this muscle is absent as a separate
entity in hominoids. In monkeys the muscle extends the 3rd digit.
· Contrahentes: this intrinsic muscle of the hand is not
found in gorillas, orangs, or humans and is only
weakly developed in gibbons and chimps. In monkeys it is an adductor of the 2nd,
4th, and 5th digits.
Additional
References
·
Ankel-Simons,
F. (2007). Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton (317-320, 335-362), Primate Anatomy, an Introducion
(3rd edition). New York: Elsevier.
·
Bishop,
A. (1964) Use of the hand in lower primates. In: Evolutionary and Genetic
Biology of Primates. J. Buettner-Janusch, ed. 20:
133-255.
·
Diogo,
R. & Wood, B. (2012) Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of Primate Muscles
and Human Evolution. CRC Press, NY.
·
Jones,
F. Wood (1949) The Principles of Anatomy as seen in the Hand. London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox.
·
Jouffroy,
F. K. (1975). Chapter 9: Osteology and Myology of the Lemuriform
Postcranial Skeleton. In I. Tattersall & R. Sussman (Eds.), Lemur
Biology (149-192).
·
Napier,
J. R. (1961) Prehensility and Opposability in the
Hands of Primates. Symposia Zoo. Soc. London 5: 115-131.
·
Oxnard,
C. E. (1986). Comparative Anatomy of the Primates: Old and New. Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics, Evolution,
and Anatomy, 719-763.
·
Rose, M. D. (1988). Chapter 22:
Functional Anatomy of the Cheiridia. In J. H.
Schwartz (Ed.), Orang-utan Biology (299-310).
·
Schultz,
M. (1986). The Forelimb of the Colobinae. Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics, Evolution,
and Anatomy, 559-669.
·
Tuttle,
R. H. (1969) Knuckle Walking and the Problems of Human Origins. Science 166:
953-961
Laboratory 6:
Dissection of the Chest
Museum
specimens: Lab-10, Lab-11, MC-6, MC-9, MC-10, MC-11, MC-12, TI, A1, A2, PI,
MS-02, MS-03, MS-05, MS-06, MS-17, MS-24, MS-29, MS-30/B, MS-31/B, MS-32,
MS-35, MS-40, MS-41.
Use
organ models, dissected aorta, and ventral torso specimens also.
Reading
Assignments:
· Required
o
Gray’s,
chapter 3 (pg. 124-232)
· Additional
o
Swindler
& Wood: 176-203
o
Hartman
& Strauss: 210-214, 248-250
Structures
Bony:
· Jugular notch
· Manubrium
· Sternabrae
· Sterna angle
· Xiphoid process
Glands:
· Thymus
Organs:
· Esophagus
· Lungs
· Trachea
Membranes:
· External intercostal
· Internal intercostal
· Middle mediastinum
· Pericardium
· Pleura
· Serous
pericardium
· Superior mediastinum
Miscellaneous:
· Chordate tendinae
· Coronary sinus
· Coronary sulcus
· Costodiaphragmatic recess
· Fossa ovalis
· Ligamentum arteriosum
· Musculi pectinati
· Pulmonary
ligament
Muscles:
· External intercostal
· Internal intercostal
· Pappilary
· Rectus abdominis
· Sternocostalis
· Transverses thoracis
Nerves:
· Phrenic
· Recurrent
laryngeal
· Sympathetic
trunk
· Vagus
Organs:
· Esophagus
· Lungs
o
Primary
bronchi
· Trachea
Valves:
· Aortic semilunar
· Pulmonary semilunar
· Right atrioventricular
Vessels:
· Arteries
o
Aorta
o
Coronary
o
Thoracic
aorta
· Veins
o
Azygos
o
Brachicocephalic
o
Inferior
vena cava
o
Superior
vena cava
Additional
References
· Ankel-Simons, F.
(2007). Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton (284-), Primate Anatomy, an Introducion
(3rd edition). New York: Elsevier.
· Oxnard, C. E.
(1986). Comparative Anatomy of the Primates: Old and New. Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy, 719-763.
Laboratory 7: Dissection
of the Abdomen
Museum
specimens: Lab-10, Lab-11, MC-6, MC-9, MC-10, MC-11, MC-12, TI, A1, A2, PI,
MS-02, MS-03, MS-05, MS-06, MS-17, MS-24, MS-29, MS-30/B, MS-31/B, MS-32,
MS-35, MS-40, MS-41.
Use
organ models, dissected aorta, and specimens with ventral abdominal structures.
Reading
assignments:
·
Required
o
Gray’s:
chapter 4 (p. 246-391)
·
Additional
o
Swindler
& Wood: part 6
o
Hartman
& Strauss: 214-226
Structures
Bony:
· Anterior
superior spine
· Crest
· Pubic symphysis
Ducts:
· Common bile
· Common hepatic
· Cystic
· Pancreatic
Miscellaneous:
· Ductus deferens
· Inguinal
ligament
· Linea alba
· Superficial
inguinal ring
· Spermatic cord
· Umbilicus
Muscles:
· Cremaster
· External
abdominal oblique
· Internal
abdominal oblique
· Transverses abdominus
Nerves:
· Ilio-inguinal
Organs:
· Duodenum
· Gall bladder
· Liver
· Pancreas
Vessels:
· Arteries
o Deferential
o Inferior epigastric
o Superficial epigastric
o Testicular
· Veins
o Deferential
o Inferior
mesenteric
o Portal
o Splenic
o Superficial epigastric
o Superior
mesenteric
Comparative anatomy
· Rectus abdominis: the main
difference between this muscle in OW monkeys and hominoids is the superior
extent of its insertion. In monkeys, the muscle inserts as high as the 1st
costal cartilage.
· Pyramidis: this muscle is only variably present in
monkeys, apes and humans. When present, this small muscle originates on the
superior borders of the pubic bones to insert superiorly into the linea alba. The major difference
between macaques and hominoids is in the innervations of this muscle. In
macaques it is innervated by the lower thoracic interocstals
and ventral rami of the upper lumbar plexus. In
hominoids it is by a branch off the 12th thoracic nerve.
· Quadrates lumborum: in OW monkeys,
this muscle has a more extensive insertion onto the last 3 ribs. In humans it
only reaches as high as the last rib.
Additional
references
· Bauchop, T., & Martucci, R. W., (1968). Ruminant-like digestion of the Langur Monkey. Science 161: 698-699.
Laboratory 8:
Dissection of the Perineum and Pelvis
Museum
specimens: MS-01, MS-02, MS-03, MS-05, MS-06, MS-10, MS-40
Reading
assignments:
· Required
o
Gray’s:
chapter 5 (p. 406-503)
· Additional
o
Swindler
& Wood: 214-236, 232-245
Structures
Glands:
· Bulbo-urethral
Miscellaneous:
· Anal triangle
· Aortic hiatus
· Broad ligament
· Caval foramen
· Central tendon
· Corpora cavernosa penis
· Corpus spongiosum penis
· Ductus dufferens
· Esophageal
hiatus
· External anal
sphincter
· Hilum
· Ischial callosities
· IVC
· Ovarian ligament
· Renal pyramids
· Round ligament
· Sphincter urethrae
· Suspensory ligament
· Trigone
· Tunica vaginalis
· Ureter
· Urogenital triangle
· Uterine tubes
Muscles:
· Bulbospongiosus
· Clitoris perineus
· Diaphragm
· Deep transverse
· Ischiocavernosus
· Levator ani
· Levator penis
· Psoas
o
Major
o
Minor
· Superficial
transverse perineus
Nerves:
· Splanchnic
· Sympathetic
trunk
· Vagal trunk
Organs/Areas:
· Bladder
· Esophagus
· Kidneys
· Pelvis
· Testis
· Uterus
Vessels:
· Arteries
o
External
iliac
o
Ovarian
o
Renal
o
Suprarenal
o
Uterine
· Veins
o
Renal
o
Suprarenal
Comparative
Anatomy
· Levator ani: in monkeys,
because they possess tails, the 2 muscles that comprise the levator ani are termed iliocaudalis and pubocaudalis
because they insert onto caudal vertebrae. In the tailless apes and humans, the
homologous muscles are termed iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus,
and insert around the rectum. Thus, in monkeys the levator ani is principally a flexor and abductor
of the tail and has little effect on the rectum.
· Coccygeus: this muscle is present in monkeys,
apes, and humans, however, in monkeys it is called ischiocaudalis, and it lies deep
to levator ani. Together
with levator ani this
muscle helps form the soft tissue sling, which supports the pelvic viscera.
· Levator penis: smallmuscle
present in monkeys that inserts onto the dorsum of the penis.
· Superficial and deep perineal
muscles:
these muscles are present in man, but rarely occur in other primates. They run
transversely from ischium to ischium.
· Psoas major: differences are seen among monkeys,
apes, and humans in the superior extent of the origin. Whereas in the monkey
the origin includes the bodies, discs and transverse processes of the lumbar
vertebrae, in apes and humans this extends to the last thoracic. In apes it can
extend as high as the last rib.
· Psoas minor: the human and ape differ from the
monkey in origin, insertion and innervations. In humans and apes the insertion
extends slightly higher on the vertebrae. In the monkey it inserts onto the
region of the iliopubic eminence, as opposed to the arcuate line. Finally, the innervation
in the monkey is slightly more extensive, employing multiple branches of the
upper lumbar nerves.
Additional
References
· Ankel-Simons, F.
(2007). Primate Anatomy, an Introducion (3rd edition). New York:
Elsevier.
o
Chapter
8: Postcranial Skeleton (320-335)
o
Chapter
10: Placentation and Early Primate Development
(507-520)
o
Chapter
11: Reproductive Organs, Reproduction, and Growth (521-532)
· Clark, W. E., Le
Gros (1959). The antecedents of Man. Edinburgh: the
Univ. Press ch. (9): the evidence of the reproductive
system.
·
Dahl,
J. F. (1988). Chapter 10: External Genitalia. In J. H. Schwartz (Ed.), Orang-utan
Biology (133-144).
· Riesenfeld, A., (1972).
Functional and Hormonal Control of Pelvic Renal Morphology in the Rat. Acta Anat. 82: 231-253.
· Schults, A. H., (1949).
Sex differences in the Pelves of Primates. Am. J.
Phys. Anthrop. 7:401-424.
· Sigmon, B. A., Farshow, D. L. (1986). The Primate Hindlimb.
Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics,
Evolution, and Anatomy, 671-718.
· Strauss, W. L.,
(1934). The Vesical Structure of the Primate Kidney.
J. Anat. 69:93-108.
Laboratory 9:
Dissection of the Lower Extremity, Pt 1
Museum
specimens:
Reading
assignments:
· Required:
o
Gray’s:
chapter 6, (p. 512-584)
· Additional:
o
Swindler
& Wood: 240-260
o
Hartman
& Strauss: 148-158
o
Berringer et al.: 39-47
Structures
Miscellaneous:
· Adductor canal
· Adductor hiatus
· Crural fascia
· Fascia lata
· Iliotibial tract
· Patellar
ligament
· Popliteal space
· Subcutaneous prepatellar
·
Muscles:
· Adductor brevis
· Adductor longus
· Adductor magnus
· Biceps femoris
· External obturator
· Gluteus maximus
· Gluteus medius
· Gracilis
· Gluteus quartus
· Iliopsoas
· Inferior gemellus
· Internal obturator
· Pectineus
· Quadrates obturator
· Quadriceps femoris
· Sartorius
· Scansorius
· Semi-membranosus
· Semi-tendinosus
· Superior gemellus
· Tensor fascia lata
Nerves:
· Femoral
· Lumbosacral plexus
· Obturator
· Sciatic
Vessels:
· Arteries
o
Popliteal
o
Saphenous
· Veins
o
Greater
saphenous
o
Lesser
saphenous
o
Saphenous
Comparative
Anatomy
· Tensor facia lata: the origin differs in monkeys and humans, in that in
humans the origin is confined to the anterior superior iliac spine. It is
interesting to note that the TFL and iliotibial tract
are absent in Pongo.
· Piriformis: the origin differs between monkeys and
hominoids. In hominoids, the origin is more extensive including the ilium.
· Obturator internus: possibly a
matter of convention, but in hominoids the nerve is simply called the nerve to obturator internus, while in
monkeys it is called the pubo-ischiofemoral. More
importantly, because of human’s unique posture, this muscle changes from an
abductor to an adductor of the thigh.
· Gemelli: in the monkey this is one muscle. In
hominoids, the muscle is comprised of 2 distinct muscles, each with their own
innervations.
· Quadrates femoris: in monkeys,
this muscle is an abductor of the thigh. In humans, it is an adductor.
· Gluteus maximus: in humans and
chimps, the origin is much more extensive and broad than in the monkey, where
it is restricted to the transverse processes of the upper caudal vertebrae and
a small portion of the sacrum. The insertion in chimps is also more extensive,
attaching inferiorly almost to the knee. Also, in humans the muscle is primarily
an extensor, as opposed to an abductor.
Additional
References
· Jenkins, F. A.,
(1974). Primate Locomotion. Academic Press.
· Jouffroy, F. K. (1975).
Chapter 9: Osteology and Myology
of the Lemuriform Postcranial Skeleton. In I. Tattersall & R. Sussman
(Eds.), Lemur Biology (149-192).
· Oxnard, C. E.
(1986). Comparative Anatomy of the Primates: Old and New. Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy, 719-763.
· Sigmon, B. A., Farshow, D. L. (1986). The Primate Hindlimb.
Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics,
Evolution, and Anatomy, 671-718.
Laboratory 10. Dissection of
the Lower Extremity, Pt 2
Museum
specimens:
Reading
assignments:
· Required:
o
Gray’s:
chapter 6 (p. 585-637)
· Additional
o
Swindler
& Wood: 262-282
o
Hartman
& Strauss: 158-175
o
Berringer et al.: 48-53
Structures
Bone:
· Patella
Miscellaneous:
· Crural fascia
· Inter-muscular
septa
· Interossei (4th
layer)
· Peroneotibialis
Muscles:
· Abductor digiti minimi (superficial)
·
Abductor ossis
metatarsi V (superficial)
· Adductor hallucis (superficial)
o 3rd
layer
· Extensor digitorum
· Extensor digitorum brevis
· Extensor hallucis
· Flexor digiti minimi brevis
o 1st
layer
· Flexor digitorum accessories (2nd layer)
· Flexor digitorum brevis
· Flexor digitorum fibularis
· Flexor digitorum tibialis
· Flexor hallucis (brevis)
· Gastrocnemius
· Lumbricals (2nd
layer)
· Opponens hallucis (superficial)
· Peroneus brevis
· Peroneus digiti quinti
· Peroneus longus
· Peroneus tertius
· Plantaris
· Popliteus
· Quadrates plantae (2nd layer)
· Soleus
· Tibialis anterior
· Tibialis posterior
Nerves:
· Common peroneal
· Deep peroneal
· Saphenous
· Superficial peroneal
· Tibial
Vessels:
· Arteries
o
Anterior
tibial
o
Popliteal
o
Posterior
tibial
Comparative
Anatomy
· Contrahentes: absent in great apes and man, this
muscle is found in the 3rd layer, originating from a common aponeurotic tendon attached to the sheath of the peroneus longus tendon and tarsal
ligament over the 3rd cuneiform. It inserts into the basal phalanges
of toes II (lateral) and IV and V (medial). It’s
function is to adduct the toes toward the 3rd axial digit, as in the
hand.
Additional
References
· Ankel-Simons, F.
(2007). Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton (335-362), Primate Anatomy, an Introducion (3rd
edition). New York: Elsevier.
· Jouffroy, F. K. (1975).
Chapter 9: Osteology and Myology
of the Lemuriform Postcranial Skeleton. In I. Tattersall & R. Sussman
(Eds.), Lemur Biology (149-192).
· Oxnard, C. E.
(1986). Comparative Anatomy of the Primates: Old and New. Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy, 719-763.
· Sigmon, B. A., Farshow, D. L. (1986). The Primate Hindlimb.
Comparative Primate Biology, vol 1: Systematics,
Evolution, and Anatomy, 671-718.
· Rose, M. D. (1988).
Chapter 22: Functional Anatomy of the Cheiridia. In
J. H. Schwartz (Ed.), Orang-utan Biology (299-310).