WPC )F-{ f`BHv{}"/}2#m̖uXd 1(ZZATW[`]-PI}fOxIt@4\@d?Q0>Af*/#TGjn? {R2Q:1"k!SqI >ӂl;;'c[ dj͉ZG%W\m_N6J%lI]j3쏲wM G 7*rҕ4V)ؚ3r4+ӄŠINOalxpY2snm%T:0 E̸x=T$|ulo ܪ& 8/.o/C2no1d+GfI}n\yWlEvU'!3bbkhʭRX='UZ zG[0#e1{6ˬ?(@#UNI % 0:^ w4 m 0U# 0x 0U 0 0 0 0- 0 0u 0 0 0 0G 0 0 0* 0 0N 0 0 0Y 0 0 0E 0 0o 0 0< 0U 0( D+ AM)U >v@o 0y U.:3 0Nm8NbAb2NxWNN;@U:hp LaserJet 1300 PS0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,u}53 eF.3:i+003|xU*+ (_2623  ..*D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   *5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  *2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` */+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. DL  *)+) (_20 h DDL23  ..DDL h *&+& (_19  L23  ..L  *#+# (_18   L23  .. L  *>> (_17  2( 4 <DL223  Ԁ2( 4 <DL2  *DD (_16   ," <DL,23  Ԁ," <DL,   *55 (_15  ) <DL)23  Ԁ) <DL)  *22 (_14 ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ&<<DL& ` *// (_13  #DL#23  Ԁ#DL#  *,, (_12   DL 23  Ԁ DL  *)) (_11 h DDL23  ԀDDL h *&& (_10  L23  ԀL  (## &_9   L23  Ԁ L  (>> &_8  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  (DD &_7   ," <DL,23  ," <DL,   (55 &_6  ) <DL)23  ) <DL)  (22 &_5 ` &<<DL&23  &<<DL& ` (// &_4  #DL#23  #DL#  (,, &_3   DL 23   DL  ()) &_2 h DDL23  DDL h (&& &_1  L23  L  &## $_   L23   L  <:Default Para Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(-2$ !USUS.,  ($'dxd'()*A<< c\  `&Times New Roman.WPC.3%.3%.3%t]}3F#>< *~-C!>"662Y>!2 *BLD" C:/)>  JJJZZZ999RJRJJJ999RRR{{{RRR-ﭭ kkkJJJRRR ccc999RRRsssBBBsssccc#BBBcccJJJRRRsssZZZ sssBBBRRRBBBJJJ999cccccckkkccc BBBZZZRRR{{{ZZZRRRZZZ999JBJBBB{{{sssBBBZRZZZZBBBJJJZZZkkk999{{{{{{RRR999JJJ  JJJZZZZZZ RRR{{{  BBBZZZ!!!111 111ssskkk {{{JJJssssssRRR JJJ999RRRBBB  999BBBsssccc111999)))!!!!!!JJJsssBBB1))ZZZֽkkkBBBcccBBBZZZJJJRRRBBBccc999BBB111BBBJJJZRZBBBZZZBBB111cccsss999ZZZ sssRRRJJJBBBRRR999)))999BBB{{{BBBccc{{{JJJ{{{kkkJJJ RRRJJJcccZZZRRR!!!)))RRR999ZZZ{{{ZZZJJJRRRZZZ{{{kkkcccRRRsssZZZBBBcccBBBcccBBBRRRRRRZZZcccBBB眜BBBZZZBBBΔBBBkkkRRRJJJZZZ999sss 999999ccc999 JJJRRRJJJZZZ)))cccRRR!!!{{{ZZZ999kkksssƄ!!!999BBB!!!cccRRR(111ZZZ)))sss!!!JJJ{{{BBBνkkkBBBBBBcccJJJ111999{{{!!!!!!))){{{111RRR{{{RRRBBB{{{!!! {{{JJJ{{{sssRRR 111JJJssssssJJJ JJJ֔ZZZJJJ!!!cccέRRRsss{{{ZZZJJJ ))){{{999ccc!!!sssBBB{{{kkk)))sss RRRssskkk111{{{#{{{111999999cccJJJcccZZZ)))RRRZZZ)))999BBBkkkJJJ!!!JJJBBB!!!999111ZZZ{{{))) RRRZZZ)))cccJJJBBBZZZ111BBB ccc{{{kkkZZZRJRJJJBBB)))JJJRRR{{{!!!sss)))(BBBZZZcccJJJ{{{֥{{{ JJJkkkν111999RRR111JJJｽJJJ)))JJJ999111cccBBB111!!!JJJ甔ZZZތ{{{(RRR111{{{!!!kkk111kkk絵JJJ{{{(ޭ999JJJZZZRRRBBBZZZ111!!!kkk111 RRR)))!!!kkk!!!999BBB!!!ccc111ZZZ999 {{{!!!)))111999111))) sssBBBRRRJJJ111JJJ!!!ZZZ{{{ν{{{BBB{{{ 999{{{sss{{{sssRRRJJJsssJJJZZZBBBBBBBBB111BBBkkk)))sss111kkk111kkkք111111{{{111999kkkBBB111{{{{{{{{{999999JJJ!!!BBB{{{JJJ999kkk ZZZBBBcccBBBcccJJJBBBZZZBBBJJJBBB kkkcccZZZ 999便999BBBsssZZZ)))111999999ZZZ111)))!BBBkkkJJJƜ筭ZZZ{{{999{{{111ZZZ111ccc)))JBJ999RRR999sssքkkkޭ!!!sss(ZZZ))){{{111)))ZZZRRRƜ{{{999{{{999({{{JJJkkk֜{{{JJJZZZsss111ccc RRRBBBJJJ Μccc999)))RRR 111BBB sss便RRR!!!kkkJJJ999ZZZ!!!999111))){{{RRRkkk)))999ZZZ(BBB{{{{{{!!!{{{JJJ!!!BBB111 JJJsss !!!111{{{JJJJJJ{{{JJJcccBBB sss)))111JJJRRR&RRR999cccBBB{{{BBB{{{999kkk(ޥ999!!!)))999)))RRR{{{999 {{{猌cccZZZ{{{)))罽999{{{(ccckkkJJJ{{{{{{RRRZZZccc999JJJΔJJJkkkZZZ999cccZZZ999!!!BBBJJJBBB!!!RRRJJJ999!!!sss!!!JJJsss(BBBBBB999{{{!!!))) RRRBBBsssJJJkkkZZZssscccBBB999{{{BBB{{{!!!sss!!!JJJ!!!)))!!! JJJJJJBBB!!!甔)))cccRRR999RRR!!!ޔsss{{{RRR kkkZZZJJJZZZJBJBBB111999{{{999sssJJJ)))JJJBBBJJJ BBB!!!{{{cccZZZJJJ {{{!!!cccRRR!!!sss111BBB9{{{RRRcccU8ZZZ)))!!!ﵵcccW9ޔX<y 筭΁sssJJJ!!!)))999JJJ BBBBBB{{{999ccc)))kkk999{{{RRRBBBBBBccc999ƔRRRkkkkkk JJJ111cccBBB{{{JJJJJJ999111 sss999111kkk111JJJBBBsssRRR' $  >&     p&kkkRRR ZZZ ք  111111 999ց 111{{{k$'!!!JJJBBBƽ111cccBBBRJRZZZ111kkk999kkkJJJkkkBBBZZZRRRkkkZZZRRR!!!)))RRRkkkkkkRRRBBBkkk))))))!!!kkk111JJJccckkk(JJJRJRkkkBBBJJJkkkZRZ焄))){{{ZZZccc999kkkZZZcccRJRJJJ999{{{ƽ)))ccc111sssRRRkkkRRRccc!!!{{{kkkZZZkkkBBB{{{JJJk$sss999 JJJ111999JJJ!!!)))ƥJJJƭ !!!JJJ 111cccZZZkkk{{{BBB999BBB BBB999ccc({{{111{{{)))111JJJ{{{JJJcccRRRkkk)))!!!iށ111)))BBB111))) JJJ 999BBBBBB999JJJ111{{{JJJkkk)))BBBkkk{{{BBB999 JJJƜsssJJJccc111sssBBB999JJJ111BBB{{{kkkƔ{{{999 sssBBB{{{RRR111sss999!!!{{{!!!sss΁BBBRJRh cccBBBkkkccc!111999ν111999BBBﭭJJJ焄ZZZZZZkkk999BBBRRRBBB!!!BBBJJJBBBJJJ!!!΄{{{111!!!)))999sss111֌sssRJR)))RRRRRR111h{{{kkkZZZ"JJJBBBkkk999RRR111999999BBBBBB111BBB{{{JJJJJJ111kkksss!!!JJJJJJ999111BBBkkkssscccZZZBBB(BBB111cccBBBJJJ)))ZZZ999!!!111999cccZZZ{{{ccc)))BBBRRRccc)))JJJ111999sss111sssi{{{ZZZccc# JJJJJJRRRmƜ!!!RRRsss!  RRR)))!!!sssjkkkcccBBB$   }BBBRRRsss"09&"9)c)!Z! BcZcR1k9! RkkckJ  )RcZkR)k) ֵ 1k1Bscc!Z! BBB)))!!!111BBB 1s1R!Z )))JJJRRR ΥJJJsssZZZRRR 1))ssscccBBB y  {{{{{{x BBB!!!!!! y{{{))) {  y w I*ށ R)RZ1k)B P1c)ZZB!k!R! hZZkscR K1s1RckRR I9ksZc!Z! L111BBBJJJ)))111)c!JR)Z)HBBBJJJcccccc% LJJJsssZZZRRR 'ֽ:BBB{{{ZZZkkkccc )K便cccZZZ+2kkk!!!ZZZ)0JJJ)))999 kkk)))(0 !!!ccc)))ZZZ)0999JJJkkk,0999{{{RRRs{s5{{ƽεZcR!Z!!7 BJJ999RZJ1911)1RRR111)!!111JBJckkZk!c!7 !)!sssskkƽBB9)))ZkZkR!k!8ﵵֽﵵ JRJ9B9RZRccksJ7 JJJRRR1)1!!999ZcZRRRs{s191!ZZkJR8sss!!! ckc 1k1RJ9s98 ƽRRR1))999!ZJZ!c!BJB119ccc9 skk!!)Z!ZkZRƽ119kkk;!JJJ RcZskZ;BBB111BBB )k!9kZ)s);{{s11){{{ J11Rc!k!9!; RZ!RJ!; ޽ R!!Z!!R!)R!; 999 )Z)ccR!c!!R;ZRksJR;ֽ 99cB!J!)R1 RkkckRށ ; JBBB99911!sss111ZZZR!ccZkZ9Z9RsZR1k1 ; {ss{{{Rkc{kJ!c!RZ1k1 ;RJJccc)c)ZccZ޽ ;RJJBBJ !R)ZkZZ!R ;!!!{{!R!!Z91k1  ;999))1BBJ  ;{{{!!)ss{ֵ  ; ; ; ;ށ ;!R!R1c1 ; 9k9J)s)RR1c) ;JcZsJ!Z ;cZkkc ;!Z!kZcR ; !B))R19BkJ  ;   ; ;  ;ｽ  ; 111RRR!!!{{{ZZZ  ;ccc  ; BBBcccRJR罽JJJJJJ ;999sssJJJ!!!  ;RRR999{{{  ;kkkﵵ)))!!!BBB  ;RRR111ccc  ;  ; ;   ; ;RRZR ;!Rckss!c! ;!cZkRcR ;JZcksZ ;9k1ZcR)c) ;B)k)R!Z! ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ν֭ ֽƽε ; !BBJJJRRRRBBBZZZ!!!! 999JJJZcZ)))ZZc ;cZZkck ;!!)!!cZc!)!!kck  ; έ919B99 ƭ)!) ;scs  sks  ;kccB9BB9Bƽ ν JJBRJR919΁ ;RRR!!! !!!999BBB)))BBBRRR cZZ!!  ;JJJ  ;  !!!BBB!!!RRR  ; {{{RRR  ;RRR999JBB!Z!J9k9 sss!R!J!Z!)c) ;111{{{ 9c9RkZZ)R) ZZZ)))JJJ J!Z!!k!ZZ1c9 ;ց!!!RJR JZkkR)c) ZZZ!!!kkk BZZkcJ ;919JBJ{s{!Z)kckcJ)  !Z!ZsZk!Z! ; B9B1)1!R)ZkcZ!Z! )c)RZsZ)Z) ; JBJ919ZRZ)!))))199cZZJJJ΁ZZZJ!!Z)9BkB)!11Z1R!B!R) ;kckkskRJJ!!!!!RZ!ZB! ;!RZR 1c1cZR!k!!R!ֽ ;ƽ!!ZcRkskBkkkJ ; RZRZcZ)R)!R)c!J!Z!ZskJR ;cZZ11)9B1JsJBccJ !Z)RckZ1k1 ; JBB9)1ƽ{s{ 11{)cZRc)c)ZB!Z) ;)c!R{kkZ  RcRR ;r  JckcJ99!Z!ZkZcR ;JcB9ZkkcR ;q޽ 1c1JcR޽RZc{RZ ;p 999BBB!Z!RkZkRB{9BZcRJJ ;m RRR!!! !Z!ZscZZ֭ZRRRJ{B ;okkkBBBcccRJkcZ  ;n )))便BBB111!Z!!s)Zcc!c!  ;nJJJ))!BB9JBBkkkRZkRƽ ;m災)))RRR BBB999{s{)!)sss ;n)!)ZZZ  !!!{{{ ;q   !!!sss ;p   Ɣތ999 ;q {{{ ;r  RRRｽBBB111RRR ;oJ)k!BR  cccƵ!!!{{{ ;p )Z!cZscZ!   ;pZckkR   ;qBsckR   ;o 1k1BsRZ9k1   ;r)c)R!c!R   ;o޵   ;r   ;q   ;q   ;p   ;p   ;i   ;h   ;n   ;n   ;j   ;m   ;l   ;l   ;h   ;k   ;j   ;j   ;i    ;i    ;h    ;h    ;a    ;`    ;f   ;f    ;b   ;e   ;.   ;- !!!BBBkkk!!!999kkk !!!BBB111sss   ;- ֥sss{{{ ƽ{{{sss   ;-BBBﵵRRRBBBZZZ   ;+RJRބZZZ ZZZsssZZZ   ;.{{{{{{   ;) 便ZZZBBB ccc޽!!!111999   ;.ZZZ)))sssZZZ!!!ƽ!!!sss   ;/'   ;1'   ;/"   ;/!RZR#1c1JB!Z)   ;/B!kkJc!R" )c)RkccR   ;. 9{1JcscB !RZkcc!c)   ;/RZkck!c! JccckR   ;/!R!cZcZ!R! !Z!c!cZ!Z)   ;/!R!!c)9)c)#9k9RJ9k9   ;0$   ;2&   ;3)   ;/*   ;3*    ;3"   ;3#   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;3*   ;1*      93*   ;1*      9-*   ;**      9 )(   9 _:* $ B [T(2'  %J3' 32' ޥ!!!{{{ {{{ ޔ ƌ7甔 1BBB%!!! !!!ֵ !!!cccJJJ111999cccց111111!!!999JJJ  ZZZRRRBBBkkkccc JJJ4999!!!BBBZZZ 1RRR#!!!kkkRRRkkk999111999kkkccc ZZZccc{{{ !!!ssssssRRR999BBB))) )))ZZZ)))JJJcccZZZJJJsssRRR999kkk6sssJJJ{{{sss999 0$ !!!ccc111!!! RRR999ZZZ)))BBBsssֽ !!!ZZZ999{{{ccc 111{{{)))kkk!!!絵1119994{{{BBBkkk!!!便 .{{{!!!$ccc111!!! ZZZ!!!Ƅ!!! )))kkkBBBsssRRRBBBccc֌ ))) !!!999JJJJJJƜ!!!999kkk RRR ZZZތRRR!!!111{{{罽 ))){{{111RRR{{{999!!!kkksssBBB3111BBB!!! JJJ - sss111{{{RRR!111RRR!!! Ɓ!!!sss 1111)){{{!!!΁!!!999)))΁!!!΄ BBBZRZBBB111!!! BBBZZZBBB999BBBZZZJJJƔ999ZZZsss RRRsss JJJRRR999sss!!!BBBccc!!!kkk ﭭccc))){{{9992{{{111 cccBBBRRR .ƭJJJccc$999999111111111 111999Ɯ JJJ999JJJ!!!!!!RRRJJJ)))JJJZZZ!!!JJJZZZ5RRRkkkRRR ccc999*ZZZcccRRRBBB111BBB))) ZZZBBB111RRR111 cccBBBZZZ cccBBBZZZ ZZZBBBBBB ZZZJJJ999 ZZZBBBZZZJJJBBBZZZ{{{ZZZ cccBBBkkkccc999{{{ZZZRRR{{{RRRBBBsssJJJZZZ{{{3ZZZBBBJJJsss ZZZ!!!+RRRsssRRR)))ZZZ"ccccccsssBBB RRRRRRBBBRRRkkkRRRsssRRRkkkRRRsss ZZZ!!!cccRRR!!!ZZZJJJkkkJJJ RRR111ZZZsssJJJkkkBBBkkkccc))) RRRccc111 JJJZZZZZZsss111cccRRRcccJJJ RRRsss)))ZZZ/RRRccc)))sssRRRccc)))sss) cccZZZֽ999ZZZ!!!{{{RRRZZZ111{{{RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRZZZ!!! {{{cccccc!!! RRRJJJ!!!{{{cccccc!!!{{{ZZZkkk ZRZssscccccc))) JJJZZZ111{{{JJJccc޵ {{{cccZZZ)))-RRRkkk!!! !!!{{{)!!!)))!!!!!!#999!!!999 kkkBBB!!!)))!!!{{{111))){{{111)))sssJJJ!!!999111))) kkkBBB!!!))){{{999111)))kkk111!!! kkk111!!!!!!sss111{{{999))){{{999!!!))) {{{999))).{{{BBB111 {{{kkkRRR111!!!(!!!999ΜkkkRRRJJJƜsssJJJ ZZZތ{{{ZZZ ZZZ甔kkkRRRZZZ甔kkkRRR111)))֜cccRRR !!!BBBΌssskkk ZZZ֌sssRRRBBBΌssskkk111猌kkkRRR 111{{{JJJ)))BBBތkkkZZZZZZΥkkkZZZ!!!)))ΌsssBBBBBBތcccZZZ0ZZZ甔cccJJJ JJJkkk!!!ccc!!!RRRZZZ)111BBBJJJsss !!!ZZZ111ZZZ )))BBBJJJZZZ111BBBJJJsss111JJJRRR ssssssBBBkkk)))ZZZ999RRR)))BBBJJJZZZ!!!ZZZ999RRR)))cccJJJZZZ ccc999cccsss111kkk111BBBJJJZZZ!!!cccRRRccc111RRRcccccc-111BBBJJJkkk ccc)ZZZccc&ccckkk ccccccccckkkcccccckkkkkk!!!cccZZZcccccckkkZZZcccccc!!! kkkkkk kkksssccckkkkkkZZZ!!! cccRRR!!!6ccckkk JJJkkk sss999)kkkBBBkkkBBBkkk)))ccc999kkk999sssJJJ ccc111kkk)))ccc111kkk999ZZZBBBcccBBBkkk999kkkBBB8ZZZRJR999RRR)))$!Υ֥ƥBBB 1 kkk"!!!! kkkށ{{{ 999)))!!!  BBB999sss 0$kkkRRRsss)))ZZZ999kkk999cccJJJkkk999ZZZJJJZZZBBBJJJ kkkcccBBBkkkRRRZZZRRRkkkccc 111sssZZZccc{{{)))sss ZZZ{{{ccc+  %{{{!!!999RRR!!!kkk )))111{{{!!!kkkJJJcccRRR)))ccc ))) ZZZJJJccckkkޭRRR!!!RRR111ccc sss!!!ZZZ999ccccccRRRRRR{{{))) kkk999sss-!!!$!!!"ZZZ111!!! ZZZRRRZZZ!!!έBBB)))999999{{{ kkk!!!sss罽))) JJJ111111kkkJJJ999111ZZZ111 !!!JJJ ZZZ))))))kkk1))))) ))){{{RRRcccZZZ!!!111)))/JJJ!!!΁ {{{" ssskkk!!!{{{!!!sss  cccBBBsss{{{)))ZZZ111{{{BBB 111{{{BBBZZZք kkkccc!!! kkk{{{111RRRJJJ111!!!BBBccc!!!111ccc111kkk111))) ZZZsss)))BBB999  111ZZZBBBބ!!!9999992 ZZZkkkƭޭ!"RRRJJJ{{{111ccckkk)))cccJJJｽ BBBkkk!!!111kkk!!!cccJJJ罽{{{sssZRZ{{{111sss3ZZZ!kkksss111999&111999{{{kkk{{{ccc{{{ZZZ!!! !!! 999{{{kkk {{{ZZZ!!! 111BBBJJJ kkk(999111ccc JJJ{{{!!!sssRRRBBB{{{kkk)))kkk kkk{{{{{{ sss)))sss111cccsss6΁ccc BBBRRR )))kkk{{{sss"cccZZZ{{{sss{{{絵{{{ֵkkkֵ kkkZZZcccRRRZZZ!!!ssssss{{{!!!sssRRRkkk !!!999RRR{{{ZZZ4{{{RRRkkk)))999sss999!kkk {{{!!!kkkkkk!!!ssssss111ccc{{{)))kkk{{{)))kkk{{{sss999ZZZ!!!ccc!!!{{{sssssssss)))!!!RRRք4)))sssބ111JJJ  JJJ!!!111RRRJJJsssZZZJJJBBBsss!!!999)))999BBB)))999BBB111BBB111ccc111BBBBBBRRR111kkkccc!!! 999ssskkk!!!!!! kkk{{{JJJ999JJJJJJ)))0111JJJ !!!ccccccccc#{{{999kkk 999{{{ccc!!!!!!111BBBJJJsss{{{ ccc111999!!!ZZZsssRRRsssccc ccc{{{ZZZRRR111ZZZ111kkk΁JJJ111JJJ ﭭ!!!BBB0sssBBB111!!!! sss999ƵJJJ)))ތ{{{ !!!{{{JJJ999ZZZ!!!ZZZ !!!ZZZ)))ƌkkk ZZZ!!!΄ZZZ !!!罽999JJJތ{{{111 甔RRR sss)))BBBccc!!!֌RRR2111ssscccޜkkkccc999ƵRRR" 111sss"999999!!! ))))))111{{{!!! )))!!!!!!!!!)))999 BBBZRZBBB!!!ƌ999!!!2))))))ZZZ!!!ε!!!#kkk!!!sss$JJJBBBBBB{{{BBBsss!!!BBB{{{))) 999{{{!!! 999 BBBZZZ999 JJJBBB !!!999JJJ4BBB{{{ccc$kkk# ֥!!!!!!֜111便999֭֜))) ޜ111 999111)))sss絵!!!+֥)))JJJ%BBB!!!!!!  ZZZ{{{ BBB999kkk{{{) ބsss&999sss)))#kkkJJJ RRR便  sssccc!!!ZZZ  kkk!!! ZZZ999kkkBBBkkk+便焄kkk{{{'RRR)))"cccssssss)))ZZZ RRR111ssskkk)))!!!ZZZRRR))) {{{ssskkk)))JJJ {{{ccc kkk)))ZZZccc0RRR111sss RRRkkk!!!BBB!!!$111111"999 ))) 111999kkk 999!!! !!!ccc!!!JJJccc BBBBBBkkk 999)))RRR999kkkBBBkkk5)))111BBB111*RRR!RRRZZZ999{{{JJJ!!! !!!祥ZZZkkkssskkkJJJBBB޵999BBB999޵1115999 {{{111+kkk)))%ք999{{{{{{ssscccJJJ111JJJ 1))!!!{{{RRR {{{kkk1)){{{sssccc!!! !!!sssBBB!!! RRR999kkk!!!!!!/sss {{{sssccc)BBBބ#ccc!!!RRR!!!BBB!!!{{{ZZZｽ kkk999{{{ {{{)))kkk΁999JJJ999{{{ cccJJJﭭsss)))sssƁccc {{{111)))2!!!BBB JJJcccRRRccc)111ƭZZZ!kkkJJJ{{{ZZZ999kkk999JBJZZZcccZZZ{{{))))))ccc)))  )))ccc))){{{)))JBJBBB)))sss999!!! )))ZZZBBBތJJJ111111 kkkRRR)))BBB111)))111JJJ1111111JBJZZZZZZ111JJJ' )))ZZZBBB999kkk111RRR {{{)))JJJBBB{{{BBB999sss 999111JJJ{{{BBBBBB111 sssΜsss !!!RRR!!!{{{{{{ccccccBBBkkkޥZZZ{{{999)))BBBcccJJJ {{{9994BBB999sss {{{. 111"BBBJJJ)))999999111 999BBB!!!JJJ999΄999!!!111BBB999Ɯccc BBBkkk!!! )))ZZZέ)))RRR)))BBBJJJ ｽJJJkkk))) 999ZRZBBBsss111RRRZZZ 999ZRZ2 999BBB!!!JJJ))). RRR!111RRR999 ZZZ!!!RRR111ccc{{{ccc111 ZZZkkkkkk޵111!!!JJJ999kkkJJJ cccsss {{{JJJcccRRR {{{JJJ1RRR111 !!!* JJJ!BBB)))sssRRR 111ssssss111111{{{kkkssskkk kkkBBB!!!999RRR))) kkkccc999 !!!!!!)))))) !!!5111RRRsss1 {{{!!!)))sss111BBB111999 sssJJJJJJccc޵999!!! 1111BBBsss, kkk'111kkk ))))))!!!)))999sssRRR999kkkRRR ZZZ6)))!!!3 {{{(N&"RRRJJJkkkb999ccc2RRRkkk*P)$cccޥgkkksssBBBsss)))2 RRRkkk111sss;#RRR`999BBBJJJ2 BBB111RRRZZZsssccc)))kkksss\ 111111ZZZ3BBBRRR)))ց 999kkk^ 999cccsss6111d RRRccc^ccckkk޵BBBZZZ9MJJJZZZ999JJJ)))ﭭ[ )))!!!ccc)))JJJ0999BBB999_!!!RRR9999sssi111kkkccc:)))j999{{{;l:20Default   2( 4 <DL2XXXC0 $VerdanaCS,\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  $Verdanahttp://Www.frontpagemag.com,(O$http://Www.cawp.rutgers.eduhttp://www.gallup.com/cpmtent/ci+11992http://www.gallup.com/poll/releases/pr880329.asp- -mailto:Sbhansen@pitt.eduhttp://womenshistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa010128a.htmhttp://www.ourfuture.org/docUploads/greenbergelection04memo.pdf   http://www.gallup.com/cpmtent/ci+11992http://www.pollingreport.com/2008.htm.http://www.galllup.com/poll/con22'A`"MS Sans Serif !USUS.,  _ 68(XXdd8;Oa    AwomanforU.S.President?Howthe WaronTerrorwillaffecttheodds  <    `     h    `  0  0h(#(#SusanB.Hansen h(#h(#    `    DepartmentofPoliticalScience      `    UniversityofPittsburgh      `     h 412/6487272  t    `    47 2O  5  Sbhansen@pitt.edu6&2O:  7 h  `  Abstract: EvenbeforetheterroristattacksofSeptember11,2001,womenintheU.S.faced t  seriousculturalandinstitutionalobstaclestobecomingpresident.Thispaperwilldiscusstrends d  inpopularsupportforelectingawomanaspresidentandthedemographicsofthosesupporting P  oropposingsuchacandidacy.Althoughtheproportionofwomenholdingelectiveofficehas <  increaseddramaticallyintheU.S.sincethe1970s,fewwomentodatehavemadeittothepool ( ofeligibility(Governor,senator,vicepresident)fromwhichpresidentialcandidateshave  generallybeenselected.Andeventhosewhodowillfaceskepticismfromvoters,themedia,and  partyleadersabouttheirleadershipqualitiesandabilitiestoserveasCommanderin_Chief.  ____Ananalysisofpresidentialcandidatestraitsbasedon2000and2004ANESsurveysfoundthat ` beingperceivedasa strongleaderwasabetterpredictorofvotechoicebeforeratherthanafter L 9/11.In2004,voters(especiallywomen)weremorelikelytofavoracandidatewho caresabout 8 peoplelikeyou.____Sincefemalecandidateshaveoftenbeenperceivedasmorecompassionate, $ moral,andhonest__,thesequalitiesshould__helptheminfutureracesfornationaloffice._ t Apublicagendafocusedonterrorismandwarmayindeedaddtovotersdoubtsaboutwomens L leadershipanddiscouragequalifiedwomenfromseekinghigherpoliticaloffice.However, 8  womenpoliticianshavefoundopportunitiestoprovetheir toughnessandtheirskillsatcrisis $! _management.___ԀAsthemilitaristicapproachto_combatting_Ԁterrorismisincreasinglycalledinto " question,opportunitiesfornewleadershipandadifferentagendamayimprove_womens " chances._ #    -&* Ї_DidthetrendofelectoralgainsforwomenintheU.S.cometoanabruptendonSeptember11,   2001? Withthecountrysuddenlyfocusedonwarpreparedness,theoncebrightprospectsfor   womenseekingelectiveofficedimmed.Somewomendroppedout;otherssawtheirchances  t diminishinthepolls...Womenhadtofacethehardrealitythatvotersmaynottrustthemtolead  ` thecountryinatimeofwar(_Clift_Ԁand_Brazaitis_Ԁ2003:ix).__ L  Evenbefore9/11,severalculturalandinstitutionalfactorsmadeitunlikelyforawomantobe $  electedpresident(andthusCommanderinChief)oftheU.S.Recenttrendsinpublicopinion, t  mediacoverage,andtheproportionofwomenholdingpublicofficemighthavesuggestedthat `  theoddswereshifting.Buttheeventsof9/11/2001andtheensuing WaronTerrorismhave L  changedthepoliticallandscape._Bystrom_Ԁetal.(2004:219)arguethat Anincreasedconcern 8  withmilitaryanddefensematterswouldseemtoputfemalecandidatesatadisadvantage, $ particularlyinraceswithnationalimport.Awomanwhocouldaccommodatetothesetrends  mightyetgainamajorpartynomination.Butwomen(andprobablymenaswell)whoarenot  perceivedassufficiently toughonnationalsecurityissueswillfaceoppositionfromparty  leadersaswellasmanyvoters.However,asthemilitaristicapproachtocombatingterrorismis p increasinglycalledintoquestion,opportunitiesfornewleadershipandadifferentagendamay \ emerge.Womenpoliticianswhocanprovetheir toughnessandtheirskillsatcrisis H managementmayyethaveachanceatnationaloffice.. 4 ЀThispaperwillconsidertrendsinfourfactorsthat_could_Ԁinfluencewomenschancesofgaining p  thePresidency.Ifirstreviewtrendsinpublicopinionconcerningsupportforawomanfor \ president.Ithendiscusschangesinthenumberofwomeninthepoolofeligibilityfromw_hich_ H  seriouspresidentialcontendersarelikelytoemerge.Third,Iusesurveydatafromthe 4  AmericanNationalElectionStudies(_ANES_)toshowhowthe_perceived_Ԁleadership  ! characteristicsofpresidentialcandidatesaffectedvotechoicein2000and2004.Fourth,I  " considerhowshiftsinthepoliticalagendaandmediacoveragecouldhelporhinderwomens " candidacies.Onthebasisofthesetrends,Isuggestsomestrategicoptionsforwomencandidates #  seekingthepresidency. $l!  I.Popularsupportforawomanaspresident  &D # Womenasheadsofstateorgovernment?Inmanycountriesaroundtheworld,itisnolonger ("% unusual(orevenremarkable)forpartiestonominate,andvoterstovotefor,womenforhigh l)#& electiveoffice.Since1932,78womenhavebeenelectedasPresidentorPrimeMinister(Lewis X*#' 2004).AndincountriessuchasRwanda,Sweden,andDenmark,over40percentofseatsinthe D+$( nationallegislatureareheldbywomen(TheWorldsWomen2000).However,nowomanhas 0,%) everbeennominatedbyamajorpartyasacandidateforpresidentintheU.S.,althoughseveral -&* havesoughtthenominationorhaverunasthirdpartycandidates.1 d    `     h      p      x . P Onepossiblereasonislingeringpublicoppositiontoafemalechiefexecutive._Inglehart_Ԁand < Norris(2003)foundthatattitudestowardwomenaspoliticalleaderswereabetterpredictorof (  theproportionofwomeninnationallegislaturesthansocialorinstitutionalfactors,suchasthe   levelofdevelopmentorthetypeofelectoralsystem.Amongthe74countriestheysurveyed,the   U.S.ranked10thintheproportionofrespondentsdisagreeingthat Menmakebetterpolitical   leadersthanwomen(_Inglehart_ԀandNorris2003:137).2YettheU.S.stillhadalowerproportion  t ofwomeninthenationallegislaturethantheirmodelpredicted.  ` _S____urveys_Ԁsincethe1930shavedocumentedincreasingpopularsupportforelectingawomanas 8  presidentoftheU._S.Still,a_ԀsmallbutpersistentminorityofAmericansinsiststhattheywould $  NOTvoteforawomanforpresidentevenifnominatedbytheirownparty.Figure1showsthe t  responsestotheGallupPollsquestionastowhethertherespondentwouldvoteforawoman `  nominatedforpresidentbytheirownparty ifshewerequalifiedforthejob.Weseeadramatic L  increaseovertimeinthepercentresponding yes,from31percentin1937to92percentin 8  1999.ThisparallelssimilarincreasesintheproportionofAmericanssayingtheywouldvotefor $ anAfricanAmerican,Catholic,orJewforpresidentiftheywere wellqualified(although  wellqualified atheistsstilldonotreceivemuchpopular_support:_ԀNewport1999).However,  therehasbeenaslightbutsignificantdeclinebetween1999and2003inpopularwillingnessto  voteforawomanforpresident(JonesandMoore2003),andtheeventsof9/11/2001maywell p beresponsible. \ Lingeringoppositiontovotingforawomanmaybeevengreaterthanthesenumberssuggest; 4 between4and11percentofrespondentsanswer noopinionwhenaskedthisGallupquestion.   Andsomeofthese,aswellassomewhoanswered yes,maybeunwillingtoadmittoan p  interviewer(whoismorethanlikelytobefemale)thattheyopposevotingforawomanfor \ president.Ofcourse,evenposingthequestion_problematizes_Ԁtheissue:Galluphasnever_asked H whether____voters_ԀwouldsupportawellqualifiedMANfor_President.In2004theFoxNewspoll 4  askedwhetherHillaryClintonwas qualifiedtobePresident,__butdidnotaskthatquestionabout  ! anyofherpotentialopponents.__3_  " Table1showsthedifferencesinsupportforawomanforpresidentacrossvarioussocialgroups. #  Thedemographicbreakdownsthatmighthelpussortouttrendsinopinionwereonlyprovided $l! bytheGallupPollin1987and(toalesserextent)in2003.Basedon1987data,weseelittle %X" evidenceofagendergap,withwomenonlyslightlymorelikelythanmen(83vs.81percent)to &D # saytheywouldsupportawomanforpresident.By2003,supportamongbothmenandwomen '0!$ hadincreased.In1987,thestrongestsupportwasevidentamongcollegegraduates,Westerners, ("% youngervoters,Blacks,andhigherincomeearners.Sincetheproportionofcollegegraduatesin l)#& theU.S.hasbeenincreasing,andtheyarethegroupmostlikelytovote,weshouldexpectthat X*#' politicalsupportforelectingawomanaspresidentshouldincrease.Butclearlysignificant D+$( groupsinthepopulationareunlikelytovoteevenforawellqualifiedwomannominatedbytheir 0,%) ownparty.WeseethelowestlevelsofsupportforawomanforPresidentamongSoutherners, -&* thosewithlesseducationorlowerincomes,peopleover50,andHispanics.Selfidentified d conservatives,Republicans,andevangelicalProtestants(especiallyfundamentalists),whoare P lesslikelytosupportleadershiprolesforwomen,havegrowninnumbersandpoliticalinfluence < sincethe1980s.Thismightalsoaccountforsomeoftherecentfalloffinsupportforelectinga (  womanforpresident.   ! ,XXX!OtherevidencealsoshowsvoterresistancetowomeninhigherexecutiveofficeintheU.S.   DelanoandWinters(1999)findsignificantstatisticalevidenceofelectoraldiscriminationagainst  t womenin highlyprized,singulargubernatorialcontestsbetween1972and1998.After  ` controllingforcandidateandchallengertraits,partisanship,electoralcontexts,andnationaland L  stateeconomicconditions,theyconcludethatelectoraldiscriminationreducedthevoteshareof 8  femalecandidatesforgovernor,especiallyRepublicanwomencandidates.Theyalsoreportthat $  statepartiesweremorelikelytonominateafemaleonlywhentheopposingpartycandidatewas t  perceivedtobetoostronganda sacrificiallambwasrequired. `  _Witt_,_Paget_,andMatthews(1995)foundthatGeraldineFerrarosvicepresidentialcandidacyin 8  1984generatedconsiderableopposition,particularlyfromolderwomenwhoseownsocialstatus $ andlifechoiceswerecalledintoquestionbyasuccessfulwomaninanontraditionalrole.  However,thisoppositionmayhavebeencounterbalancedbytheupsurgeinpoliticalawareness,  interest,andinvolvementbyyoungerwomenofbothpartieswhoweregalvanizedbythe  presenceofawomanontheticket(Hansen1997;_Atkeson_Ԁ2003).Manyfeministsarguedthatthe p Democratsin1984didnottakefulladvantageofFerrarosappeal,forcinghertomakemany \ campaignappearancesintheSouthwhereshefacedopposition,ratherthaninlargercitieswhere H favorablemediacoverageandenthusiasticcrowdsweremorelikely. 4 Facedwiththesedata,partyleadersandconventiondelegatesmaywellhesitatetonominatea p  woman,particularlywhentheU.S.isascloselydividedalongpartisanlinesasitappearstobe \ today.Andvotersmayusethesamecalculus:JohnKerrywontheearlyPresidentialprimariesin H 2004largelybecausehewasperceivedasmore _electable_thanHowardDean.However,as 4  Dolan(2004:156)reports,votingforwomeninherstudyofCongressionalcandidates,1992  ! 2000,wasbasedprimarilyontheverysamefactorsthatpredictedvotesformalecandidates:  " partyaffiliationandincumbencystatus.Demographiccharacteristicsofvoters(sex,race, " education,age,etc.)hadverylimitedimpact.Butshenotesthatissuesweremoreimportantfor #  SenatorialthanforCongressionalcandidates,andpresumablywouldbefarmoreimportantina $l! presidentialcampaignwherevotershavemoreinformationaboutcandidatesstands. %X"  II.Thepoolofeligiblecandidates  '0!$ TheU.S.ranksbelowmanyotherdemocraciesintheproportionofwomenelectedtopublic l)#& office,inpartbecauseofourtwoparty,winnertakeallelectionsandlimiteduseofproportional X*#' representation(_Darcy_,Welch,andClark1994).TheU.S.ranks58thintheworldinthe D+$( proportionofwomeninitsnationallegislature(TheWorldsWomen2000).Yetdespitethese 0,%) structuralbarriers,oneofthemoredramatictrendsinAmericanpoliticssincethe1970shasbeen -&* theincreasednumberofwomenholdingelectiveoffice.Thenasnow,thelowerleveloffices d (countycommissioner,schoolboardmember)arefarmorelikelytobeheldbywomenthanare P higherlevelpositionssuchasgovernororsenator.Aftersuffrage,manywomenarguedthatthey < woulddobetterthanmeninsuch housekeepingrolesinthepublicsector:deliveringsocial (  services,balancingthebudget,cleaningupcorruption(Andersen1996).Therehaveindeedbeen   strikinggainsintheproportionofwomeninlowerlevelsoffices(schoolboardmember,state   legislator,countycommissioner),andgeneralpublicacceptanceofwomeninsuchoffices,many   ofwhicharenonpartisan,parttime,andunpaid.Infact,thestatelegislaturewiththehighest  t proportionofwomen(NewHampshire)isthelowestpaid.  ` Severalfactorsaccountforthisdramaticgrowthinthenumberoffemaleofficeholders. 8  Socialattitudesconcerningappropriaterolesforwomenhavechanged,inpartasareflectionof $  demographicchanges:smallerfamilies,morewomenworkingoutsidethehome,higherlevelsof t  educationforwomen(morewomenthanmennowgraduatefromcollege).The poolof `  eligibilityforelectiveofficeforwomenhasexpanded,asmoreandmorewomenattendlaw L  school,owntheirownbusinesses,earnsizeableincomes,andacquirepoliticalexperiencein 8  lowerofficesorthroughworkonotherscampaigns.Someobservershadhopedthattermlimits $ wouldhelpeaseoutwhitemaleincumbentsandopendoorsforwomenandminoritygroup  members,althoughthereislittleevidencethatsuchchangeshaveoccurredinstateswithterm  limits(_Doron_ԀandHarris2001).Butredistrictingforbothstateandfederalofficeafterthe  decennialcensusoftenleadstoopenseatraceswherewomencandidateshaveabetterchance. p DatafromtheCenterforAmericanWomeninPolitics(_CAWP_)showthatthenumberofwomen \ electedtoCongressandstatelegislaturesincreasedmoreinpostCensusyears(1982,1992, H 2002)thaninotheryears(_CAWP_Ԁ2004). 4 Ѐ   Americanpoliticalpartieshavealsochanged.Formanyyearsaftersuffrage,themajorparties p  supportedonlywomenwhowerewidowsofincumbents,orsacrificiallambsrunningfor \  hopelessraces.Butthepartieshaveslowlycometorecognizewomencandidatesappealto H voters(themajorityofwhoarenowfemale),theirabilitytoraisefunds,andtheirpoliticalskills 4  oftenhonedinpreviouscampaigns(Young2003;Freeman2000).However,intheAmerican  ! systemsinglememberdistrictsandlackofproportionalrepresentationaresignificantbarriersto  " politicalpartiesabilitiestonominatefemalecandidates.InEuropeancountrieswithdifferent " electoralsystems,politicalpartieshavehadmoresuccessselectingandelectingwomen.Parties #  inmanycountriesaroundtheworldhavealsoadoptedcandidatequotastoincreasethe $l! proportionofwomenelected(_Htun_Ԁ2004).ButintheU.S.,quotasandaffirmativeactionhave %X" littlepopularsupport.Thepoliticalpartyleadersandmediacommentatorswhohelpdefine &D #  seriouspresidentialcandidatesarethusunlikelytomovefarfromtheestablishedroutestothe '0!$ WhiteHouse. ("% Still,the poolofeligibilityforfemalecandidatesforPresidentremainssmall(Whickerand X*#' Isaacs1999).Giventhenumbersofwomengainingvaluableexperienceinloweroffices,we D+$( wouldexpectmoreofthemtorunforsenatororgovernorinfutureyears.Buttodateonly26 0,%) womenhavebeengovernors(althoughfarmore,over60,havebeenlieutenantgovernors),and -&* only14womenarecurrentlyintheSenate(CenterforAmericanWomeninPolitics[_CAWP_] d 2004).ThesearetheofficesthathavetraditionallyservedasroutestothePresidency,withonly P afewexceptionssince1932.Eisenhowerhadneverheldelectiveoffice,buthadastellarrecord < asageneralduringWorldWarII.GeraldineFerrarowasaHousemembertappedbyWalter (  Mondaletorunforvicepresidentin1984.GeorgeH.W.Bushhadbeenarepresentativefrom   TexasyearsbeforebeingselectedasRonaldReagansvicepresidentin1980,buthehadheld   otherinterveninghighlevelpositionsincludingdirectoroftheCIA.GeraldFordwasamember   oftheHousebeforehisselectionasvicepresident.  t MilitaryleadershiphasbeenanotherroutetothePresidency.Afewwomenhaveadvancedto L  positionsasadmiralsorgeneralsinrecentyears,butonlyinadministrativeorlogisticalpositions. 8  UndercurrentCongressionalruleslimitingwomenscombatroles,femaleofficersareunlikelyto $  acquirethecombatexperienceorwarherostatusthatenabledEisenhower,Grant,orTaylortobe t  electedpresident,oraidedthecandidaciesofJohnKerry,JohnF.Kennedy,orJohnMcCain.On `  theotherhand,therhetoricofsupportforthemilitaryhashelpedevencandidateslikeGeorgeW. L  Bush,whoavoidedserviceinVietNam,gainthepresidency.Andnotablewarheroeslikeformer 8  GeorgiaSenatorMax_Cleland_,Gen.WesleyClarke,JohnMcCain,andJohnKerryhaveall $ suffereddefeats.Butongoingdoubtsaboutawomanas CommanderinChiefwillplagueany  femalecandidateforpresident.   III.Candidateimageandexecutiveleadership p  Inadditiontopartisanshipandissues,votersformimagesofthepersonalqualitiesandabilitiesof H thecandidates.Suchtraitsincludeacandidatescompetence,compassion,honesty,morality,and 4 leadershipability.RecentresearchonAmericanvotingbehaviorhasfoundtheseperceptionsto   bestronglyinfluencedbypartisanidentification,buttheycanexertanimportantindependent p  influenceonthevote!usuallyfarmoresothanissues(MillerandShanks1996:425427). \ _ZernikeandBroder(2004)reportthat Character,notpolicies,matteredthemosttovotersin H 2004.The_Ԁmediaoftenfocusontheseattributesaswell,inpartbecausetheyareimportant,but 4  alsobecauseassessmentofpersonalqualitiesdoesnotrequirethepolicyexpertisethatanalysis  ! ofissueswouldrequireofeitherjournalistsorvoters.Andofcoursecandidateswilltryto  " emphasizetheirownpersonalstrengths(andtheiropponentsweaknesses)intheircampaigns. " Candidateimagesare_gendered_Ԁaswell. Beliefstereotypesincludeideologiesandpolicy $l! pref_erences_;womenareperceivedasmoreliberalandbetterateducationandothersocialissues. %X"  Traitstereotypesidentifywomenasmorecompassionate,willingtocompromise,andpeople &D # oriented,whilemenaremoreassertive,active,andselfconfident(_Huddy_Ԁand_Terkildsen_Ԁ1993; '0!$ AlexanderandAnderson1993).Such genderschemainfluencehowbothmaleandfemale ("% candidatesandtheircampaignmessagesare_perceived.___ԀAsFoxand_Oxley_Ԁ(2003)find,such l)#& stereotypescontributetomorewomenrunningforstateexecutiveoffices(Commissionerof X*#' Education,SecretaryofState)typedasfeminine,whilefewerwomencompeteformore D+$(  masculinestateofficessuchasgovernororattorneygeneral.However,thefinalelection 0,%) resultsshowthatthetypeofofficehasnoimpactonthelikelihoodofwomenwinning;once -&* nominated,theoutcomedependsonthesamefactors(partycompetition,politicalculture, d incumbency)forbothsexes. P HowmightperceivedtraitsaffectawomanschanceofbeingaviablePresidentialcandidate?If (  traitsusuallytypedas masculinearemoreimportanttovoters,femalecandidatesforhighlevel   officecouldfacearougherroad.Butifgenderneutraltraitsarevaluedaswell,womenmight   haveastrongerchance.Beinga strongleaderwouldappeartohavemoremasculine   connotations,whilecaring,honesty,andmoralityhavebeenidentifiedastraitsmoreoftenlinked  t tofemales(_Huddy_Ԁand_Terkildsen_Ԁ1993).Beingviewedas knowledgeableor intelligent  ` shouldbenefiteithersex.Butifmaleandfemalevotershavesignificantlydifferentperceptions, L  candidatesofeithersexmayhavetocrafttheirappealsaccordingly. 8  TheAmericanNationalElectionStudies(_ANES_)for2000and2004includedquestionson t  severalcandidatetraits.AsTable2showsforallrespondents,in2000Gorewasperceivedas `  moreknowledgeable,intelligent,andcompassionatethanBush,butlesshonestandlessofa L  strongleader;bothcandidateswerewidelyperceivedasmoral.In2004,Bushagainwasmore 8  oftenperceivedasastrongleader,butassignificantlylessintelligentorknowledgeablethanJohn $ Kerry.TheDemocraticcandidatein2004heldtheedgeassomeonewho caresaboutpeople  likeyou,butwaswidelyperceivedasunabletomakeuphismind.Whilebothcandidateswere  equallylikelytobeperceivedas moral,Bushwasabitmorelikelytocomeacrossas   dishonestin2004_andas outoftouchin__2000._Ԁ p Significantgenderdifferencesareevidentforonlyafewofthesetraits.In2000,womenwere H morelikelytoperceiveGoreascaringorasastrongleader,andabitlesslikelytoperceiveeither 4 BushorGoreas dishonestor outoftouch.WomenwerealsomorelikelytoagreethatBush   andGorewere moral.In2004,womenweresignificantlymorelikelytoperceive_______Kerry_Ԁas p  strongleaders,andratedKerryassignificantlymoremoralandcaringthanmendid._ \ _Dothesecandidatequalitiesaffecthowpeoplevote?Inboth2000and2004weseeaverystrong 4  relationshipbetweenpeoplesperceptionsofcandidatequalitiesandtheirvotes(Table3).Even  ! inapeacetimeelection(2000),thegammastatisticsindicatesthatthebivariaterelationship  " betweenperceptionsandvotechoicewasstrongestforthe strongleadercue,although " perceptionsthatacandidate caresaboutpeoplelikemerankedaclosesecond.Intelligence, #  _knowledgeability_,andhonestydidlesswellatpredictingvotechoice.In2004,after9/11and $l! duringthewarinIraq,the strongleadercuewasagainstronglyrelatedtovotechoice,butthe %X" perceptionthat Bushcaresaboutpeoplelikeyouwasequallystronglyassociatedwithvote &D # choice._H__onesty,_Ԁintelligence,and_knowledgeability_ԀallmatteredsomewhatmoreforGeorge '0!$ BushthanforJohnKerry.Overall,theassociationbetweentraitsandvotechoicedifferedlittle ("% betweenmalesandfemales.ThemajorexceptionwasthatagreeingthatKerry Cantmakeup l)#& hismindwassignificantlymoreimportantforwomensvotes. X*#' Ofcoursethesalienceofaparticularattributewillvaryfromelectiontoelection,andpeoples 0,%) perceptionsofcandidatesarehighlycoloredbytheirpartisanship.Tofurthertesthowtrait -&* perceptionsmightinfluencevotechoice,logisticregressionwasusedtoanalyzethe2000and d 2004twopartyvoteasafunctionofsex,partyidentification,andthethreemostsalienttraits: P  strongleader, moral,and caresaboutpeoplelikeyou.Theresults(Table4)showthat,as < isusuallythecase,partyidentificationwasastrongpredictorofthevote.Sexhadnosignificant (  impactineitheryear.Butin2000,evenbefore9/11,thetraitthatbestpredictedvotechoicefor   Bushwaswhetherthecandidatewasperceivedasa strongleader.Thisfactorwasstatistically   independentofpartisanidentification,andconsiderablymoreimportantforBushthanfor_Gore.    Caring_Ԁ_wasthetraitthat____best_Ԁ_predicted_ԀavoteforGore,butmatteredlessforBushthanthe  t perceptionthathewas moral(perhapsbecauseofthelingeringimpactoftheClinton_scandals)._  ` Bycontrastin2004,_evenafter_Ԁ9/11andduringthewarwithIraq,whatmatteredmosttovoters 8  waswhetheracandidate caresaboutpeoplelikeyou.Thisperception,thestrongestpredictor $  ofavoteforbothBushandKerry,carriedmoreweightthandidthe strongleadercue.Unlike t  2000,perceptionsthatacandidatewas moralhadnosignificantindependentimpactonthe `  2004vote(althoughasthegammastatisticsindicated,moralityapparentlymatteredmoreto L  votersthanhonesty,knowledge,intelligence,or_decisiveness).__4_   8   IV.Howcanwomenappear Presidential?   The_ANES_Ԁsurveyanalysis_indicates_Ԁthatevenwhenthecountryisatwar,candidates(maleor  female)whoareperceivedas caringaboutpeoplelikeyouwillgainconsiderableelectoral p advantage_(especiallyamongwomen)._ԀHowever,thedataalsosuggestunlessawomancan \ generatetheperceptionthatsheisa strongleader,shewillfaceanuphillbattleforthe H presidency.Widelyheldgenderstereotypesmaymakethisdifficultforwomen.Wilson(2004) 4 describesanexperimentwithtroublingimplications:anaudienceofpotentialvoterswasaskedto   viewcampaignadsfor(mostlyunknown)maleandfemalecandidatesandtoturnadialupor p  downtomeasuretraitsthatmadecandidateseffective._Theresults:_ \ _Ԁ Before_Ԁtheadsevenstarted,whenthecandidatesimplyappearedonthescreenwithout 4  0  speakingaword!infact,beforeheorshehadanyrealtraitsatallotherthangender!the  ! dialersmadedecisionsaboutleadershippotential.Womenstayedevenorweredialed  " down,butmenweredialedupfromthefirstsecond...menhadtheinstantadvantage, " basedontheirmaleness(p.19).# (#(# However,theseadswereforlittleknownwomenrunningforoffice,whostillneededtodefine %X" themselvesformanyvoters.Butwehavewitnessedseveralrecentexamplesofwomenappearing &D # coolandcompetentduringacrisis:JanetRenoasthelongestservingattorneygeneral,Madeleine '0!$ Albrightduringthebombingof_Kosovo_ԀandspeakingbeforetheU.N,Dianne_Feinstein_Ԁafteran ("% assassinationmadehermayorofSanFrancisco.Priorpoliticalexperience,especiallyincrisis l)#& management,mayhelppersuadevotersto dialupratherthandownwhenconfrontedwithan X*#' actualfemalecandidateforhigheroffice._AsofAugust2005,twothirdsofAmericansrated D+$( HillaryClintonasa stronganddecisiveleaderaboutthesamepercentageasforBushinboth 0,%) 2000and2004(Jones2005)._ -&* _____________Candidates_Ԁmustrelyoncampaignadsandmediacoveragetocreateandprojectaparticular d image.Historically,mediacoverageofwomenpoliticianshasemphasizedtheirgender,physical P appearance,noveltyasacandidate,andfamilyrelationships.Suchslantedcoveragewouldnot < helpawomanbuilda strongleaderimage.However,morerecentresearchsuggeststhat (  mediacoverageoffemalecandidateshasbecomemoreequitableintermsofbothqualityand   quantity(_Bystrom_Ԁetal.2004).Further,theemergenceoftheInternetasamajorcampaigntool   mayprovidefemalecandidateswith unlimitedopportunitiesforbalancingmasculineand   feminineissuesandtraitsinselfpresentation(Ibid.,217).Althoughtelevisioncoveragemay  t reinforcegenderstereotypes,malesandfemalesreactsimilarlytoWebbasedinformation.  ` Analysisofmediacoverageofthemostrecentfemalepotentialpresidentialcandidatehas 8  producedmixedresults.InElizabethDolessuccessful2002SenateraceinNorthCarolina,her $  campaignadshighlightedmasculinetraitsandemphasizedherexperience,performance,and t  leadershipaspresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandamemberoftheCabinet.Yetwhile `  coverageofher1999campaignforPresidentfocusedmoreonissuesandlessonpersonal L  appearance,Dolestillreceivedlessmediacoveragethanmalecandidateswhotrailedherinthe 8  polls,andmoreemphasisonherpersonalitythanherpolicypositions(_Bystrom_Ԁetal.2004:22, $ 150).Bycontrast,HillaryRodhamClintonscampaignfortheSenateinNewYorksucceededin  definingtheissuesintherace,andinkeepingthemediafocusonClintonsexperienceandpolicy  positions.However,herappearance,marriage,andstatusasaformerFirstLadyreceived  emphasisaswell.Clintonalsobenefittedfromnegativereactiontoheropponentsoverly p aggressivebehaviorduringa_debate(Harpaz2001)._Ԁ \ AppearingtoattackawomanmaynothavehelpedRickLaziowithNewYorkvoters.Butany 4 femalepresidentialcandidateshouldprobablyexpectnegative attackadsandvigorous   challenges,bothfromhermajoropponentandfromnonpartygroupsliketheSwiftBoat p  Veteranswhosucceededin2004inquestioningJohnKerrysrecordasawarhero.Women \ candidatessuchasClintonhavemadesuccessfuluseofnegativeadvertisingthemselves. H _Bystrom_Ԁetal.s(2004)analysisofvideostylesusedinSenatorialorgubernatorialracesbetween 4  1992and2002foundthatwinningfemalecandidatesweremorelikelythanwinningmale  ! candidatestouseissueattacksornegativeadvertising.Democraticwomentendedtoemphasize  " beingaggressiveorafighter,whileRepublicanwomenstressedtheirleadershipandtoughness. " Twopossiblefemalepresidentialcandidateshavebeenbusyestablishingtheir st_reet_Ԁ_creds_in $l! toughness.Dianne_Feinstein_ԀcampaignedforgovernorandsenatorfromCaliforniaasa %X" supporterofthedeathpenalty(aviewsharedbyamajorityofAmericansandALLmajorparty &D # candidatesforthePresidency).ShewasphotographedsittinginSanQuentinsdeathchamber '0!$ duringher1992gubernatorialcampaign.Hercampaignadsusedthetagline tough,butcaring ("% tomarketbothherdeathpenaltypositionandhersupportforwelfare,health,education,and l)#& reproductivechoice.HillaryRodhamClintonisalsoonrecordasfavoringthedeathpenalty,and X*#' theformerantiwarprotestorisnowanactivememberoftheSenateArmedServicesCommittee. D+$( Herofficesaysshehas votedforeverydefenseappropriationsbillsincesheenteredtheSenate 0,%) (Hernandez(2004).Hernandezalsoquotesa closeClintonadvisorwhosaidClintons -&* ;Oa  ; ;  decisiontotacklemilitaryaffairs defiedpoliticallabelingandwas verymuchinkeepingwith d themethodologicalwayshehasgoneaboutmoldinganewpublicimageasshepursuesa P politicalcareerofherown:shoringupareasofvulnerabilityorweaknessinherresume...The < onetimeantiwarprotesternowvotesfornewweaponssystems.Clintonalsoreceivedanaward (  in2005fromtheusuallyconservativeAmericanLegionforhereffortsonbehalfofveterans.   Clearlythereissomeroomfornuanceinthesepositions._Feinstein_ԀandClintonbothsupportthe   movementtodeclareamoratoriumonexecutionspendingreviewofhowthedeathpenaltyhas  t beenassessedandadministered.AndClintonhasstressedhigherpayforsoldiers,keeping  ` militarybasesopen,andbetterfundingforveteransandemergencyservicespersonnel! L  positionsatoddswithcurrentBushAdministrationbudgetpolicies.PotentialDemocratic 8  womenpresidentialcandidatesneednotbecomeconservativeRepublicans,buttheymay $  perceivetheneedtopositionthemselvesinthecenterofDemocraticPartyratherthaninits t  progressive,liberal,orfeministwing.PotentialRepublicanfemalecandidates,however,maybe `  betterabletocapitalizeon toughnessbyappealingtotheirpartysrightwing._Condoleeza_ԀRice L  isapossibleexample,althoughsinceshehasneverheldelectiveofficeshemightfindtheroute 8  tothepresidentialnominationdifficulttonavigate,andmaywellfacetoughquestions $ concerningherroleasnationalsecurityadviserinplanningandconductingthewarinIraq.    Butas_Clift_Ԁand_Brazaitis_Ԁ(2003:xi)warnus, womenfrequentlygotoofarinprovingtheir  toughness.Seekingcredibility,theycatertomensissuesdefenseandtheeconomy p sometimesattheexpenseoflosingtouchwiththeirnaturalconstituencyofwomen.Thusthe \ mediawerecriticalofJean_Carnahan_Ԁbeingphotographedshootingskeetduringher(failed)bid H forreelectiontotheSenatefromMissouriin2002,eventhoughshewasbyallaccountsan 4 accomplished_markswoman_Ԁlongbeforesheenteredpolitics.Womenmayalsofacecompetition   frommalecandidateswhomakeeffectiveuseoftraditionalfemaleissueswithvoterappeal,such p  aseducation,healthcare,orfamilyvalues.Thus_Brystrom_Ԁetal.(2004:51)foundthatmoremale \ thanfemalecandidatesusedtelevisionadsdepictingtheirownchildren.Giventheimportanceof H the strongleaderperceptionasapredictorofpeoplesvotes,however,womencandidatesmay 4  finditnecessarytooveremphasisthistraitattheexpenseofotherqualities.  ! Astronglyantiwar,antimilitary,orpacifistposition,whateveritsintellectualorethical " justification,isunlikelytobepoliticallyviableintheU.S.today.TheonlymemberofCongress #  tovoteagainsttheSept.15,2001resolutionauthorizingPresidentBushtouse allnecessaryand $l! appropriateforceagainstterrorismwasanAfricanAmericanwoman,CaliforniasBarbaraLee %X" (D.CA)(Lee2001).Inthenationalhysteriaafter9/11,thiswassuchaunpopularpolitical &D # positionthatsherequiredroundtheclocksecurityprotection(Hogan2001).Shewasvilifiedby '0!$ therightwingmediaasa traitorandan antiAmericanCommunist(Horowitz2001), ("% althoughherliberalBerkeleydistricthasremained_supportive.5_ԀLikewise,thefirstAmerican l)#& womanelectedtoCongress,JeannetteRankin(R.MT),whovotedagainstbothworldwars, X*#' facedconcertedpopularandmediaopposition(_Witt_Ԁetal.1995).Nomajorpartypresidential D+$( candidate,maleorfemale,islikelytorisktakingsuchapublicstance.Andthelastfew 0,%) supplementalappropriationstofundthewarinIraqhavepassedCongressalmostunanimously, -&* afterlittledebate. d Butcampaignsagainstatoohighdefensebudget,asBillClintondidin1992,orunnecessaryand < illplannedwars,asJohnKerrydidin2004,maystillbepositionssizeablenumbersofvoters (  willsupport.AsthewarinIraqbecomesincreasinglyunpopular,candidatesin2006or2008   maynotneedtopresentaspecificplantoendthewarorbringthetroopshome;theymaysimply   criticizetheBushadministrationsleadershiporhandlingofthewar,whichnowhasonly35   percentsupportfromthepublic(PewResearchCenterpollcitedin_OToole_Ԁ2005).  t _ V.Thepoliticalagenda,terrorism,andopportunitiesforwomen  L  Thepoliticalagendainanygivenelectionwillaffect,notonlywhetherwomenchoosetorun,but $  theircampaignstrategiesandtheirchancesforsuccess.Politicalpartiesaremorelikelytorecruit t  womenwhentheissueenvironmentisperceivedasmorefavorable(BiersackandHerrnson `  1994).Toacertainextent,theagendaoftopicsimportanttovotersandtothecountryinany L  givenelectionyearissetbyeventsoutsideofthecontrolofcontendersforthepresidency: 8  internationalcrises,actionsbyOPEC,actsofterrorism.However,leadingcandidates $ (particularlyanincumbentpresidentorvicepresident)willdoubtlesstrytodefinetheagendato  theirownadvantage.Laggingcandidatesareespeciallylikelytotrytoshifttheagendainorderto  improvetheirchancesofwinning(Shepsle2004).  SizeablenumbersofwomenranforCongressin1990,buttheirsuccessratewasnotveryhigh. \ In1990,thebigissuewastheimpendingGulfWar,andtheelectoratedidnotperceivewomenas H capabledecisionmakersinareasofforeignanddefensepolicy.Butin1992thenationalagenda 4 shiftedtodomesticsocialandeconomicissues:thestagnanteconomy,healthcare,education,   sexualharassmentaftertheAnitaHill/ClarenceThomashearings.Womenwerewidely p  perceivedasmorecapableontheseissues.Arecordnumberofwomenranforoffice,andinthat \  YearoftheWoman,significantnumberswereelectedtoCongressandstatelegislatures(Cook, H Thomas,andWilcox1994). 4  Since9/11,however,terrorismandthewarsinAfghanistanandIraqhavedominatedthenews.  " Throughoutthe2004Presidentialcampaign,thewarinIraqconsistentlytoppedtheGallupPoll " asthemostimportantissuefacingthenation.The waronterrorismmayhavecastalong #  shadowoverAmericanpolitics,butthroughout2004 terrorismhasonlybeenlistedasthe $l!  mostimportantnationalproblemby1013percentofGallupsrespondents(Jones2004).Many %X" domesticissuesarestillsalient:highgasprices,education,healthcare,andthelingering &D # recession.Aspoliticiansarewellaware,however,anysignificantnewattackonAmericansoil '0!$ couldeasilymoveterrorismtothetopoftheagenda. ("% Therefore,anyviablecandidateforpresidentfortheforeseeablefuturemustoffercredibilitywith X*#' respecttocombatingterrorism.Buthowshouldterrorismbedealtwith?Bymid2004,theBush D+$( administrationseffortshadcomeintoseriousquestion,whenforthefirsttimemoreAmericans 0,%) disapprovedthanapprovedofhisroleinhandlingterrorism(NagourneyandElder2004).The -&* ongoingviolenceinIraq,thefailuretocaptureOsamaBinLaden,andtheAbuGhraibprisoner d abusescandalallcontributedtocriticismbythemedia,theDemocrats,andevenmany P Republicans.Andthereportofthe9/11Commissionalsoraisedseriousquestionsabout < domesticpoliciestocombatterrorism.However,theRepublicansmadegooduseofimagesof (  9/11intheir2004campaign;votersconsistentlyperceivedBushasbetterablethanJohnKerryto   dealwiththatissue.GreenbergandCarville(2004)foundthatconcernwithterrorismincreased   duringthelastdaysofthecampaignandhelpedmovemanywaveringvotersintotheBushcamp.      `     h   HistoriansoftheColdWar(MitterandMajor2004;Robin2001)havedocumentedeffortsby  ` powerfulgroupsinAmericansocietytodemonize(orcreate)anenemy(Communism,the Evil L  Empire)andtokeeptheU.S.onapermanentwartimefooting.Suchanenvironmentwould 8  maximizethedefensebudgetandprovidebettercareeroptionsforthoseinthemilitary.Itwould $  alsoreducepoliticalsupportandthefederalbudgetfordomesticspendingprioritiessuchasthe t  environmentorsocialpolicy.Largerbudgetsfordomesticpoliciessuchaseducationor `  interstatehighwayconstructionpassedCongresslargelybecauseoftheirlinktonationaldefense L  (theNationalDefenseHighwaysActof1954,federalspendingonscienceeducationafter 8  Sputnikwaslaunchedin1957). $ Asimilarstrategymaybeapparentinthe waronterrorafter9/11.Allegationsofweaponsof  massdestructionandSaddamHusseinstiestoOsamaBinLadenwereusedtojustifywaging  waragainstIraq,despiteanycredibleevidenceofeither.AsKrugman(2004)claims,Attorney p GeneralJohnAshcroftonseveraloccasionstimedannouncementsof imminentthreatsof \ terrorismtocounterpublicormediaattentiontopotentiallyembarrassingissuesfortheBush H administration(reportsofthe9/11Commission,CongressionalhearingsonFBIsecuritylapses). 4 Suchastrategyprivileges toughnessasadesiredattributeofleaders,whosespeechesand   images(inparticular,PresidentBushscarefullycraftedlandingonanaircraftcarrierinaflight p  suit)aredesignedtoreassureananxiouspublic.Butatadeeperlevel,keepingtheeventsof9/11 \ andconcernsaboutterrorisminthenewsmayheightenvotersfears,andthusencouragethemto H supporttoughtalkingpoliticalleaderswhoofferthemasenseofsecurity(Solomonetal.2004). 4  Landauetal.(2004)provideevidencefromexperimentsthatemphasisonthesalienceof9/11or  ! ofdeathinfluencedsubjectstohavemorepositiveevaluationsofPresidentBush.  " Atleastintheshortrun,thepresidentcancertainlyinfluencetheagendaofCongress,themedia, #  andthepublic(Cohen1995).Butthepresidentdoesnotcontrolevents,particularlythoseof $l! othercountries.Nordoeshecontrolthemedia.IfthewaronIraq(oronterrorism)isnot %X" perceivedtobegoingwell,publicspacewillopenforotheragendas,otherissues,andother &D # candidates.Suchanopeningmaywellprovideopportunitiesforwomencandidatestomoveinto '0!$ thecircleofeligibilityforthePresidency.Buttheymustfirstlaythepoliticalgroundworkin ("% otherelectiveofficeinordertobeperceivedas electablebythemedia,partyleaders,and l)#& voters. X*#'  VI.The WarriorimageandthePresidency  0,%)    `     -&* Kaplan(2002)arguesthatthewarsofthefuturewillnotbecharacterizedbyadherenceto d internationallaw,consultationwithCongressorthepublic,orciviliansupremacyoverthe P military.Rather,hearguesthatthe warriorswenowface(terrorists,extremenationalists,drug < kingpins,warlords)havemadesudden,secretwarsandassassinationsmorelikely,andwill (  requireafusionofcivilianandmilitarydecisionmaking.Henotesthatthebudgetsofthe   DefenseDepartmentandthearmedserviceshavegrownevenasfundingfortheState   Departmentandforeignaidhasshrunk.Insuchanenvironment,presumably,ademocraticleader   mustoperateasa warrioraswell,unconstrainedbysuchnicetiesashumanrightsandthe_rule  t oflaw.AsKaplan(2002:114)concludes, _statesMANship_Ԁdemandsamoralityof  ` consequences.A_statesMAN_Ԁmustbeabletothinktheunthinkable(myemphasis). L  Manymaleelectedofficials,andpresumablyevenmorewomen,wouldfindsucharole $  uncomfortable_(nottosayillegalaswell)._ԀHowever,accordingtopollstheAmericanpublicis t  lessconcernedaboutthenicetiesofcivillibertiesthanwithcombatingterrorismbyanymeans `  necessary.AnABC/WashingtonPostpollfoundthat46percentwouldpermitphysicalabuse L  shortoftorture,and35percentthoughttorturecouldbeacceptableinatleastsomecases(cited 8  in_Ignatieff_Ԁ_2004),anda2005GallupPollreportedthattwothirdsofAmericanswerewillingto $ assassinateknownterrorists(Carolson2005)._ԀAfemale(ormale)candidateforPresidentwho  pledgedtoupholdGenevaConventionprohibitionsagainsttorturewouldpresumablybe  perceivedasweakorawimpbyvoterswiththeseviews.  Icertainlydonotwishto_essentialize_Ԁgenderrolesandsuggestthatwomenareincapableof \ actingaswarriors.Goldsteins(2001)researchongenderandwaruncoverednumerous H exceptionstothemalewarriormyth,andalsoshowedthatmenarebynomeansnaturalkillers: 4 theymustbeindoctrinatedorshamedintobehavingas_warriors.6_ԀTheexamplesofMargaret   ThatcherduringtheFalklands/_Malvinas_Ԁwar,theRwandanorSerbianwomeninvolvedinthe p  ethnicgenocideinthosecountries,orwomeninrevolutionaryCubaorVietNam,certainlyshow \ thatwomencanassumesuchroles.TheroutestopublicofficefollowedbymostAmerican H womenindicatethatrecruitmentortraininginwarriorrolesareunlikely,butwomencandidates 4  andofficeholdersmaystillfindopportunitiestofostertheirimagesas toughdecisionmakers  ! whocanhandlecrisesandadversity.  " However,iftheBushadministrationsunilateralmilitaristic warriorapproachtofighting #  terrorismfailstowork,theopportunityfordiscussionofalternativeapproachesmaybenefit__ $l! womencandidates.IfwomenlackcredibilityasapotentialCommanderinChief,theymayfare %X" betterwithpoliticalelites,themedia,andvotersifthepolicyfocusshiftstos_ome_Ԁofareas &D # stressedby_Weeden_Ԁ(2004)inhisbookHowWomenCanBeatTerrorism:alleviatingpoverty, '0!$ improvingeducationforwomenandgirls,controllingweaponsofmassdestruction,improving ("% publichealth,limitingpopulationgrowth,collaborationwiththeU.N.andwithothercountries. l)#& Butaslongasthenationalagendacontinuestobefocusedonwarandterrorism,fewerwomen X*#' mayperceivearoleforthemselvesandtheirconcernsinthepoliticalarena,andmaydeclineto D+$( runfornationaloffice.Thenationalagendawillundoubtablymoveontootherissuesasithasis 0,%) thepast.Buteveniftheagendadoesshifttoissuessuchashealth,educationandtheeconomy, -&* wherefemalecandidatesmightbeperceivedascompetenttolead,wemayseefewerwomenin d the poolofeligibilitywithsufficienthighlevelpoliticalexperiencetobeconsideredasserious P candidatesforPresidentbypartyleadersorcontributorsorbyvoters. <  Conclusion:_options_Ԁforwomenseekingthepresidency  p    _AsIhaveshown,increasingpercentagesofAmericanssaytheywouldsupporta qualified   womanforpresident.ExaminationofANESdataoncandidatetraitsfoundthatperceptionsof  t candidatescompassionandstrongleadershipwereBOTHgoodpredictorsofhowAmericans  ` vote,buttheperceptionthatacandidate caresaboutpeoplelikeyouprovedtobeevenmore L  importantafter911/thanbeforeit.Womenaremorelikelythanmentosupportawomanfor 8  president,andhavesignificantlymorefavorableviewsofHillaryClintonthanmendo(Jones $  2005).Also,asAtkeson(2003)andHansen(1997)haveshown,thepresenceofwomenonthe t  ballotstimulatescampaigninterestandparticipationbywomen,whonowconstitute53percent `  ofvoters.Thesesurveyresultssuggestthatawomancandidateschancesofbeingelected L  Presidenthaveimproved. 8  So_Ԁwhatsomepossibleelectoralstrategiesfor_women?_______ԀFirstofall,priorhighlevelelectoral  experience(governororsenator)is