SOMALIA

Documents

Due to the nature of the educational rehabilitation efforts in Somalia, several of the following sections overlap.

Non-Formal Education

Koranic schools remain the basic system of instruction in religion in Somalia. They provide pre-school Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Koranic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to the other education sub-sectors, is the only system accessible to nomadic Somalis. This document is the result of a survey conducted by UNICEF in 1993 which found among other things, that about 40% of pupils in Koranic schools were girls, unlike other schools where gender disparity was enormous. In 1994, UNICEF pioneered its first assistance to Koranic schools.

B. Nomadic Education (PDF format--49K)

Providing education for nomadic people in the traditional manner confronts the teaching profession with a challenge. To begin with, there is no realistic chance for a nomad to benefit from the Somali formal education system which has never been conducive to pastoral communities which have been neglected for a long time and deprived of all basic human needs, including education. Even if a nomadic family could arrange to send a child to school, they type of education offered would not help in the nomadic environment. A major problem affecting accessibility is the urban orientation of Somalia's education system. Hence, it is important to provide services for nomad communities in the wider context of national development. This document is a state-of-the-art review which addresses a variety of concerns on interventions to educate nomads as well as provides recommendations and issues for further research.

Peace Education

A. PEER's education for peace centres (PDF format--23K)

This document, a project proposal submitted to the German National Commission for UNESCO, is one of PEER's efforts to rehabilitate the educational system in Somalia. It provides a synopsis of the country, the civil war and its consequences, the education system, ongoing assistance and the expected beneficiaries.

Regional Profiles

A. Bakool Region (PDF format--2K)

B. Banadir (N. Mogadishu) Region

i) North Banadir (PDF format--7K)

C. Bari Region (PDF format--4K)

D. Bay Region (PDF format--3K)

E. Gedo Region (PDF format--17K)

F. Jubba Region (PDF format--10K)

i) Lower and Middle Jubba (PDF format--7K)

ii) Targets for Education in Jubba Valley area (PDF format--2K)

G. Mudug Region (PDF format--7K)

H. Shabelle Region

i) Lower Shabelle (PDF format--7K)

ii) Middle Shabelle (PDF format--7K)

Sector Studies

Somalia Case Study--Mid-decade review of progress towards education for all. (PDF format--180K). Courtesy of: UNESCO -International Consultative Forum on Education for All (EFA) in Paris. By G. Bennaars, H. Seif & D. Mwangi; Nairobi, 1996.
This paper is part of a review undertaken by the EFA forum to assess the progress of countries in their efforts to attain 'Education for All' since the World Conference on Education in Jomtien, Thailand in 1990. Stocktaking of progress has utilized a variety of methods. To supplement statistics and reports from ministries of education all over the world, the EFA forum asked a number of independent researchers in developing countries to provide a more in-depth view of 'Education for All' in their countries. A few interesting experiences in provision of basic education have been selected for publication. They reflect issues of current debate such as education for the girl child, provision of education in the mother tongue of the pupils to promote learning as well as efforts to provide education in emergency situations due to war and conflict.

Statistical Information

EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS

A. Primary

1. Elementary Schools, Classes, Pupils and Teachers 1984/85 (PDF format--K)

2. Enrollment in Primary Teacher Training 1981/2 - 1984/5 (PDF format--3K)

3. International Organizations (PDF format--5K)

4. Region-wise Student Enrollment (Grades I - IV) (PDF format--2K)

B. Secondary

1. General Secondary Education, By Region 1984/85(PDF format--4K)

2. General Secondary Schools, Classes, Pupils, Teachers, 1984/5 (PDF format--5K)

3. Secondary Enrollments with % Females, 1972/3 - 1984/5 (PDF format--5K)

D. Tertiary

1. Lafoole Enrollments by Major Field 1983-1984 (PDF format--3K)

2. National University of Somalia: Graduation Rates (By Faculty and Sex) (PDF format--5K)

3. Progression Rate from Secondary to University (PDF format--5K)

4. Somali National University: Students & Staff, 1982, 1985, 1986 (PDF format--3K)

5. Somali National University (SNU) Staff/Student Ratios, 1986-1987 (PDF format--5K)

C. Vocational/Technical

1. List of Agricultural Schools (PDF format--5K)

E. Other

1. Comparison of Pupil and Total Population (PDF format--5K)

2. Distance to Schools (PDF format--3K)

3. Education Flows (PDF format--2K)

4. Education Imbalances (PDF format--2K)

5. Education Levels 1981/82 (PDF format--2K)

6. Nomadic Education (PDF format--5K)

7. Performance of Education Sector for 1986 (PDF format--4K)

8. School Enrollment (1985-1988) (PDF format--1K)

9. Sector Assessment- Government Expenditure by Level and Type of Education (PDF format--6K)

10. Student Enrollment in Somali Refugee Camps (PDF format--2K)

11. Targets for Education in Jubba Valley area (PDF format--2K)

12. Teachers and Teacher Training by District (PDF format--3K)

GOVERNMENT STATISTICS

1. Central Government Revenues and Expenditures 1975 -1988 (PDF format--5K)

2. Central Government Wage and Pension Bill 1983 - 1988 (-)

3. Distribution of Civil Servants by Education -1983 (PDF format--3K)

4. Distribution of Civil Servants by Sex and Category - 1983 (PDF format--3K)

5. Distribution of Public Sector Employment by Level of Education - 1984 (PDF format--5K)

6. Financial Allocation of Technical Assistance programmes by sector (PDF format--5K)

7. Sector Assessment- Government Expenditure by Level and Type of Education (PDF format--6K)

ILO (International Labor Organization)

1. Growth in the Central Government Workforce 1962-1983 (PDF format--3K).

These are figures from a Youth Employment Programme in which a comparative sub-regional study of Somalia was conducted.

2. Supply and Demand for School and University Leavers, 1986 (PDF format--5K)

3. Projected Dynamics in Net Manpower Demand (PDF format--5K)

4. Perspectives on Poverty in Somalia (PDF format--5K)

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

1. Selected Economic and Social Indicators: 1975-1985 (PDF format--5K)

2. Public Investment and Technical Assistance Program by Activity, 1987 (PDF format--4K)

3. Public Investment and Technical Assistance Program by Activity, 1988 (PDF format--6K)

4. Public Investment and Technical Assistance Program by Activity, 1987 - 1989 (PDF format--6K)

REHABILITATION EFFORTS

1. Education: Repairs Implementation Strategies (PDF format--5K)

2. Rehabilitation Efforts: Destruction of Schools (PDF format--5K)

3. Rehabilitation Efforts: PEER Expenditure on EDCs (PDF format--2K)

4. Relief and Rehabilitation Meeting - UNOSOM, 1993 (PDF format--5K)

5. Repairing Costs of Public Premises, 1993 (PDF format--13K)

6. WFP Food Security Task force 1994 (includes population statistics) (PDF format--26K)

ROLE OF WOMEN

Issues pertaining to the role and status of women in Somalia are of concern to several international organizations working in Somalia. Though not addressed in detail, they are touched on in many documents in various sections of this Somali Country page, such as the country/sector studies, enrollment figures, teacher training, peace education, etc.

1. Pre-War Women's Participation (PDF format--5K)

CDIE Resources

• Research and advocacy agenda for African NGOs in Eastern and Southern Africa : background papers for the PIP - funded MWENGO seminar
  (by Milas, Seifulaziz Leo, Chole, Eshetu, et al. )
  From A.I.D. Bur. for Africa. Ofc. of Development Planning, Washington, DC Datex, Inc., Washington, DC A.I.D. Bur. for Africa. Operations and New Initiatives Ofc., Washington, DC (Sponsor)
  (Sep 92, 56 p.) -- DOCID/Order No: PN-ABM-084
  (Abstract Only -- Text Format )
  

• Report on mission to the eastern region Somali refugee camps Institution: Multi-Donor Technical Mission on Refugees and Returnees
  (Feb 91, 11 p.) -- DOCID/Order No: PC-AAA-501
  
  
  

UNDOS (United Nations Development Office for Somalia)

This office is located in Westlands, Nairobi (Kenya). Due to the war in Somalia, and the subsequent destruction, there was the need for some sort of repository to store as much information on Somalia as possible. This is being fullfilled by the UNDOS Documentation Unit which has established a regionally organized hard copy storage system focussing on UN and NGO activities in Somalia. It works directly with PEER and other donors to receive project documents in order to serve various agencies with a database of information of who is doing what where. The EC, UN, and USAID are sharing project documents of current projects they are funding. Special thanks to Mr. Samuel Musembi at UNDOS for carefully selecting materials related to education for inclusion in GINIE.
• Progress Over Last Plan Periods.(PDF format -- 17K)
• LIST OF SCHOOLS (PRIMARY) IN MOGADISCIO AND THE SOURCE OF SUPPORT (PDF Format -- 105K)(MSWord Format -- 95K)
This document contains 6 lists with statistical information. All the information is from Somalia with the exception of the list on refugee camps in Djibouti. The following are included:

1. List of primary schools in Mogadiscio (Somalia) and the source of support This list is contains: a) School names b) Number of students c) Number of classes d) Number of workers e) Location of school f) Name of supporter

2. UNESCO-PEER Workshops in and out of Somalia Included are: a) Dates of workshops b) Place held c) Region d) Number of participants e) Focal point organization f) Type of workshop g) Name of UNESCO tutor

3. TOT (Training of Trainers) This list includes: a) Region b) Number of Teachers c) Period d) Tutor e) Section

4. Primary Schools in Refugee Camps at Djibouti This list provides information for three camps on: a) Class (grade) b) Number of students by gender c) Total number of students

5. Schools supported by WFP (World Food Programme) Includes: a) Name of School b) Location c) District d) Region e) Implementing agency f) Number of beneficiaries

6. Text Books Distributed in 1995 Includes: a) Subject and grade b) Quantity of books distributed c) Month distributed d) Name of school e) Location f) Number of students in each school

• Provision of education in Somalia in 1994.
Covers middle Shabelle region. Gives brief description of general functioning (or lack thereof) of schools in the region. (PDF format -- 17K)
• Bakool region ( PDF format -- 17K)
Brief education profile of Bakool region (Somalia)in 1994
• Report on an educational assessment mission in Somalia by Mark Bradbury and Rick Davies -September 17 - 30 1991 (PDF Format -- 17K)
  Regions covered: Bari, Nugall, and Mudug. This report includes some interesting findings, e.g., no government schools were working in any of the regions. In Garowe, there were two private language schools and in Dangoray there was an Islamic school providing classes in Arabic and Mathematics. In all villages, however, Koranic schools existed. Most children had missed at least one year of schooling, and in some places several years. The majority of school buildings seen were largely intact, but although teachers were reported to still be resident in several places visited, lack of salary meant they were not working. Prior to the war, salaries were so low as to make them worthless (2,000/- p.m. basic for a primary school teacher). Report also identifies vulnerable groups and gives recommendations.
• Bay Region (PDF Format -- 17K)
Discusses the activities of AMURT, CONCERN, UNESCO and UNICEF in operating schools and supporting teachers. UNICEF has two additional programs: women's educational program and psychological social support for traumatized children.
• UNICEF-UNHCR Bardhere Authority Cooperation on Primary Education ( PDF Format -- 33K)
Prepared by Dr. Marcelino Catahan - Education Consultant, UNICEF-Central Zone Somalia, August 1993. Document describes such things as: mobilization & advocacy, school rehabilitation, registration of school-age children, registration of teacher applicants, capacity building, assignment of teachers, supply of education materials, etc.
• Gedo Region (Somalia) ( PDF Format -- 17K)
Brief: In July, the Gedo region had 27 formal schools. Formal secular education had seen a sharp decline, while impromptu Koranic schools had mushroomed in almost all the major towns, villages and IDP camps. Even before the civil war, secular schools were beset by problems of proper school infrastructure, supplies and educational materials. There were no regional tertiary institutions. Nearly all rehabilitation work has been done by NGOs and UN agencies.
• Generic Donor Report on Education - UNICEF Somalia - March, 1994 (PDF Format -- 17K)

Brief: Education in Somalia had long been in a state of crisis due to neglect and lack of resources. Extensive destruction and looting of school facilities during the civil war completed the process of disruption. In most of the country, no education had taken place in the three to five years preceeding this report. During 1993, UNICEF initiated efforts towards the revival of basic education as a vital aspect of the rehabilitation of Somali civil society in general.