8`UUqUq @@@ @@@@22 JCUUqUq0 EN DB Uq@ L2Koh1998)71-81 Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA IEEE Comput xxiii+64896 Melaka, Malaysia 611 374-6omer support analysts and online customers to diagnose and solve problems. The paper presents a brief overview of the customer support &Kowalski1998 Kraus1999 Krehl1972 Kurniawan2000 Kurtz2000 Lamas2000 Law2000Lawrence2000 Liddy2000/ Lilly2001LoPresti2000 Los2000 Ludi20003 Luedtke2000 Macias2001# Maciaszek1999 Manhoeve Marchionini2000 Markel2001Marshall20011 Matarazzo2000 Matson20000 McCormick McGrenere2000  McManis Meng2000 Miranda# Moon19999 Moore2000 Morse2000 Mynatt2000( Naps1998 Newell2000 Newman20005 Newman2000 Nikolay2001 O'Gorman1O'Gorman2001Ohtaa Ortiz2000*Paciello1997,Paciello1997@Paciello1997# Papazoglou19999 Pawlowski1999 Perlman2000 Perlman2002 Petrie  Polanka1 Polanka2001Poole# Pu1999l Puerta1999t Raiss2000  Ramachandran1999Robinson2000 Rogers2000 Rogoff2001 Roll2001 Romano2002 Rowan2000 Ryker Sagawa2000 Sanchez2000 Sanchez2001 Sasaki20000 Schmetzke Schmetzke4 Schmetzke2001 Schmidt20005 Schmidt2000 Scholtz Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Scholtz2000 Shaw20000 Shimizu Shneiderman2000 Shneiderman2000 Shneiderman2001 Shneiderman2001Sloan Sloan2000- Snape1997 Sprague2002%Springle19988" Stefanelli Stevens StogerStroback2000Sullivan2000 Sundaresan2000 Szczerbicka1999Takeuchi2000" Tarantino Thomas Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Thomas20000 Tilley20011 Tilley20010 Treadwell2000 Trewin2000 Uchida Ullom1999 Vanderdonckt1999 Vanderheiden2000 Vanderheiden2000  Vanderheiden2001Williart20000& Wingard1998 Winters2000 Yamazaki Yohon2001Zaphiris2000 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman200119989 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman200189 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman20019989 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001 Zimmerman2001wrence2000y Lawson1999H Leavitt2002} Lee1998E Lee2002P Liang2002YLillie-Blanton2001Lilly/ Lilly2001 Lio1998\ Lonner20010 Los2000t Los Arcos2000r Ludlow20003 Luedtke2000i Lurie2000 Luxenberg1997ILyttkens20022 Macias2001# Maciaszek1999T Mahanna2002a Malvin2001́ Mandell1998 Mandl1998 Manhoeve Markel2001R Marlatt2002Marshall20011T Mattingly2002Maxfield1999b Mazmanian2001 McCormick] McGlynn2001k McKendrick2000̇ McLeod19989  McManisR Metrik20020f Miller2001R Miller2002TMillikan2002 MirandaB Misita2003̃ Mola1998d Montani2001# Moon19999T Moorman2002] Morales2001 Moreno19989b Mowatt2001] Munoz2001` Najmanovich2001E Namuth2002( Naps1998R Neal20020s Nemet2000 Newman20005 Newman2000T Newman20022f Nielsen2001 O'Gorman1O'Gorman2001zO'Mahony1999OhtaaA Okuno2003 Ortiz2000t Ortiz2000 Osorno19989*Paciello1997,Paciello1997@Paciello1997J Palermo2001P Pan2002# Papazoglou19999\ Parekh20010^ Parker2001T Parker20020l Pathman2000 Payne1998QPeterson2002 PetrieF Piontek2002r Platin2000T Plummer2002  Polanka1 Polanka2001S Pollastri2002uPompilio-Weitzner2000Poolee Pozzi2001# Pu1999l Puerta1999tu Pursley2000] Puyol2001U Rahlenbeck2002  Ramachandran1999[ Read2001T Regan2002k Reid20002k Revie2000d Riva20010R Roberts2002ORobinson20022 Rogoff2001O Rogstad2002 Roll2001 Romano2002F Roubidoux2002C Rovak2002\Rozental2001 Rykeru Safran2000 Sanchez2000t Sanchez2000 Sanchez2001 Schad1998 Schmetzke Schmetzke4 Schmetzke2001 Schmidt20005 Schmidt2000 Scholtz2000 Schwertfeger1998̇ Seluja1998r Shaw20000t Shaw20000m Shevitz2000 ShimizuA Shimizu2003 Siepel1998r Singh1998 Skupski1998Sloani Smith2000X Smith2001- Snape1997` Sobolev2001l Spaulding2000 Sprague2002%Springle19988 Stamper1998Steadman19981" Stefanellid Stefanelli2001 Stevensu Stewart2000Z Stobo2001 StogerI Strom2002I Stromgren2002 Szekalski1998" Tarantinol Taylor20000h Terry2000 Thayer19989 Thomas20000Thompson19981 Thorne19988 Tilley20011 Tilley20010[ Tod2001K Topps2002x Tse1999x Tsui1999l Tucker20000 Uchida Ullom1999 Vanderdonckt1999  Vanderheiden2001T Vannapppagari2002 Vega-Gama1998J Vlahov20011m Vought2000x Wagner1999a Walker2001́ Wang1998E Ward2002n Wargo1998] Watkins2001 Waugh1998e Whyte2001x Wilbright1999TWilliams20022Williart20000tWilliart20000& Wingard1998 Winters2000X Wright20011 Yamazaki] Yang20010 Yohon2001X Young2001u Zaccagnini2000e Zhuang19989 Zimmerman2001&"F- ?+%/A),@$E3!#7&.0 Authors1Journals dKeywords (x                                1t Abbott, J. Adams, L. N.Adelsberger, H. H.Ahmed-Jushuf, I. H. Algazy, J. I. Allshouse, C. Alora, M. B. Alschuler, L. Alvarez, S.Anderson, P. F. Andersson, G. Ando, M. Andrews, C. Angelo, J. Arai, M. Arndt, K. A. Baecker, R. Baer, J. S. Bailador, A. Bailey, A. J. Baker, S. M. Balas, J. L. Baldi, P. Balfour, F. Barcelona de Mendoza, V. B. Barnicle, K. Bates, D.Beckett, D. J. Bell, D.Bellavista, P. Bellazzi, R.Belmonte, M. A. Benigno, D.Berland, G. K.Bernstein, J. D. Bick, M. H. Bingham, J. Black, N. Blom, N. Bloom, B. S. Bloor, C. Boldyreff, C. Bonner, S.Boosinger, A. B. Booth, K. Booth, P. Botia, E. Bravo, R. Bressler, E.Brienza, D. M. Briggs, B. Broder, M. S. Brunak, S.Buenadicha, Mateos M. Burd, E. Burrell, J.Bykowski, J. L. Byrne, P. F. Capizzi, J. Carter, J. Casadio, R. Casado, A. Casey, C. Catarci, T. Cawsey, A. J.Cawthon, M. A.Cederna, P. S.Chamorro, Mera A.Chapman, C. M. Chen, C. Y. Chen, H. S. Chen, J. H. Chiang, H. Chisolm, W. Cho, H. J. Chong, C. W.Christensen, H. Chung, K. C. Clarke, K.Clarkson, P. J.Clayton, P. D. Clyde, A. Cockton, G. Colwell, C.Conwell, J. L., Jr. Cooney, E. Cooper, M. Corradi, A. Coshall, C. Courcelle, E. Cox, K. C. Creek, K. L.Cressler, S. O. Croft, D. R. Cron, C. Crook, K. D. Danchin, A.Dardailler, D. Davis, D. A. Davis, J. J. Davis, R. B.Deering, M. J. Deming, S. Doherty, E. Donaldson, K. Donkin, J. Dover, J. S.Driscoll, C. C. DuBois, D. D. Dunmore, C. Edelman, M.Ehrenberger, H. E. Elliot, L.Elliott, M. N. Ellis, D. Eng, T. R. Essa, I. Eswaran, C. Eyal, E. Factor, S. H. Fariselli, P. Farmer, A. Flory, J. Foley, M. Fong, M. Forlizzi, J. Forster, A. Fraley, C. G.Francomano, C. A. Frappaolo, C. Fraser, H.Freudenberg, N. Friedman, E. Galea, S. Gay, G. K. Gertz, E. Gettinby, G. Giles, C. L. Gillies, M. Giordano, R. Goble, C. Goetz, J. Goldman, N. Goldstein, D. Gonzalez, A. Gonzalez, C.Gonzalez, Lopez O. R. Goose, S. Gorostiza, C. Gouet, P. Gray, J. A. Gray, J. E. Greenlick, M. Gregor, P. Griffiths, K.Griffiths, K. M.Grigsby, R. K.Grimshaw, J. M. Gu, Y. Gunderson, J. Guo, F. R. Gutter, E. M.Guttmann, G. D. Hain, P.Hakizimana, C. Hall, D. Hall, S.Hamburgh, R. R. Hamza, M. H. Harger, C.Harkness, K. B. Harper, S.Harrington, J. Harris, T.Harrison, L. A. Hattery, M. Hayashi, Y. Heathcote, D. Heim, J.Henderson, T. M. Herreria, J. Hert, C.Hibbard, J. H. Hirsch, T. Ho, N. C.Hochheiser, H. Hodgson, E. Hogan, W. R. Hoisie, S. House, A.Houston, T. K. Hraber, P. Huang, A. W. Huang, C. W. Huang, X. L. Hudman, J. Hue, L.Hustead, C. L. Hyder, E.Iannacone, R. C.Ichihara, Y. G. Ikeda, M. Isaak, J. Iwazaki, A. Jackson, S. Jacobs, I. Jarv, J.Jejurikar, S. S.Jerrams, Smith J. Jia, L. Jilek, P. Jimison, H. Jobe, M. M. Jones, D. T. Jones, R. B. Jovicic, S.Kanouse, D. E. Karvonen, K. Kasday, L. R. Katz, S. B.Kautzman, A. M. Keates, S. Kelly, B.Kendrach, M. G. Kester, D. Kim, J. H. Kim, N. Kim, P. Kim, Y. King, T. S. Kiphart, D.Kitsuregawa, M. Knapp, P. Kobayashi, I. Koch, G. G. Koh, W. Kohane, I. S. Konarski, J. Konrad, T. R. Kotsis, S. V. Kowalski, B. Krakowski, L. Kraus, U. F.Kravitz, R. L.  MLN*Alcohol Drinking*Anatomy, Cross-Sectional*Attitude to Computers*Attitude to Health*Audiovisual Aids *Automatic Data Processing*Biopsy, Needle *Caregivers *Causality*Cerebrovascular Accident$ *Communication Aids for Disabled("*Community-Institutional Relations$ *Computer Communication Networks*Computer Systems*Consumer Product Safety*Contraception*Cooperative Behavior *Data Display *Database Management Systems*Databases, Factual *Depression*Depressive Disorder*Developing Countries *Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted*Diagnostic Imaging<7*Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence*Epidemiologic Methods$*Epidemiologic Research Design*Epidemiologic Studies*Ethics, Medical*Ethnic Groups*Evidence-Based Medicine*Evolution, Molecular*Family Health*Financial Support *Forecasting*Gender Identity *Genes *Genome*Genome, Bacterial*Health Care Reform*Health Education$*Health Services Accessibility$!*Health Services Needs and Demand,(*Hispanic Americans/education/psychology*Home Care Services *Hospital Information Systems($*Image Processing, Computer-Assisted$*Infant, Very Low Birth Weight*Information Services0+*Information Services/supply & distribution("*Information Storage and Retrieval(#*International Educational Exchange *Internet$*Internet/economics/utilization *Language*Laser Surgery*Medical Informatics40*Medical Records Systems, Computerized/economics *Medically Underserved Area *Medicine*Mental Health *Neural Networks (Computer) *Neurology($*Patient Education/methods/standards *Patients$*Physician's Practice Patterns *Physician-Patient Relations*Point Mutation$*Professional-Patient Relations *Protein Structure, Secondary*Psychological Tests*Public Health *Public Health Administration*Public Opinion *Publishing*Radiography, Panoramic@<*Radiology Information Systems/organization & administration  !F-00&, $ %3F"@AE+703-!&/$?@$7"F+%))@$3!##..00 2G Xw Information Services/*history83Information Services/*organization & administration$Information Services/*standards$!Information Storage and Retrieval0,Information Storage and Retrieval/*standards@=Information Storage and Retrieval/statistics & numerical datainformation superhighwayinformation systemsinformation technologyInformation-sources("innovative technological solutions40Inservice Training/organization & administration85Insurance Claim Review/*organization & administrationInsurance, HealthInsurance, Health/trendsIntellectual-propertyintelligent speech$Intensive Care Units, Neonatalinter firm developmentinteractive systems$ interactive visual communication interactive voice browsers interactive web accessibilityinterface designInternationality InternetInternet access Internet Accessibility KitInternet imaging Internet use Internet-@;Internet/*economics/statistics & numerical data/utilizationInternet/*history4/Internet/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards,'Internet/*organization & administrationInternet/*standards41Internet/*statistics & numerical data/utilizationInternship and Residencyinteroperability Interviews intranet Ireland("Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates$ Ishihara pseudoisochromatic testisochromatic linesItalyiterative design IUSR projectJapanese sign languageJavaJob Descriptionjslkaiknowledge representation$Knowledge, Attitudes, Practicelanguage security language specific elementsLaptop-computersLaser Surgery/*methodslawlaws lawsuitlearning disabilities legacy management platforms legal issueslegal requirement legislationLength of StayLiability, Legal libraries Libraries-library automationlibrary patronslibrary professionlibrary resourceslibrary schoolsLibrary-consortiaLibrary-schoolsLibrary-technology local cortical microstructurelocational sense4.Macromedia Dreamweaver Accessibility Extension Magnetic Resonance Imaging("main radionuclide related contentsMalemamas Mammalsman machine interfacemanagement oriented($Mandibular Nerve/anatomy & histologymanufacturing orientedMarkov processes MarylandMass Screening/*methodsMaternal Mortality$Maternal-Child Nursing/*methodsmathematical analysisMathematical Computingmathematical modeling(%Medicaid/*statistics & numerical dataMedical IllustrationMedical Indigency/trends82Medical Informatics/*organization & administration$Medical Informatics/*standards medical information systemsMedical Records(%Medical Records Systems, ComputerizedHDMedical Records Systems, Computerized/*organization & administrationMedical Staff, Hospitalmenu selection meta data meta methodmetadata architecturemethod boundariesMicrocomputers Middle AgeMilitary Science Minolta 2D colorimeter systemmixed audiotouch browser  pd Acad Med Acad Radiol,&Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp PhysiolAm J Public Health Anat RecAnn Intern MedAnn PharmacotherAnn Plast SurgAppl Occup Environ HygAppl Radiat IsotAust N Z J Psychiatry($Behaviour and Information TechnologyBioinformaticsBmjCan Fam PhysicianChestClin Lab Manage Rev Cochrane Database Syst RevCommunications of the ACMCommunity Ment Health J$Comput Methods Programs Biomed("Computer Networks and ISDN Systems41Electronic Library. vol.19, no.6; 2001; p.397 404HDElektrotechnik und Informationstechnik. vol.118, no.3; 2001; p.131 5Environ Mol MutagenEval Health Prof FEBS LettHealth Data ManagHealth Educ BehavHeart Hum PatholIEEE Internet Computing4/IEEE Transactions on Professional CommunicationHBIndustrial Management + Data Systems. vol.101, no.9; 2001; p.470 6 Inform83Informatie. vol.42, spec. issue.; May 2000; p.66 72DAInformation Technology and Disabilities. vol.7, no.2; April 2001;($Information Technology and LibrariesInt J Gynaecol Obstet Int J Med InfInt J STD AIDS Intelligence InteractionsD@Internet Reference Services Quarterly. vol.5, no.3; 2001; p.51 7d^Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy. vol.11, no.3; 2001; p.226 34`]Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy. vol.9, no.5; 1999; p.360 71 Ir Med JIT ProfessionalJ Am Acad DermatolJ Am Pharm Assoc (Wash)J Bone Joint Surg AmJ Bone Miner ResJ Contin Educ Health Prof J Dent EducJ Digit ImagingJ Health Commun J Health Law J Med Ethics$J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs J OtolaryngolJama<9JILT Journal of Information Law & Technology. no.2; 2001;Journal of Documentation0,Library Hi Tech. vol.19, no.1; 2001; p.35 49 Med Interface Med J Aust Medinfo Messtechnik Microbiology Mod Healthc NatureNIH Consens StatementNucleic Acids ResObject MagazineObstet Gynecol ParasitologyPC World (US Edition) PediatricsPhysician Exec Prev Vet MedProc AMIA Annu Fall SympProc AMIA SympProfiles Healthc Mark ProteinsPsychol Addict Behav Psychosom MedPublic Health RepPublic Underst Sci Rev NeurolSemin Oncol Nurs(%Seybold Report on Internet Publishing4.SIGCAPH Newsletter. no.68; Sept. 2000; p.10 190-SIGCAPH Newsletter. no.70; June 2001; p.11 13 Soc Sci Med Stud Health Technol Inform Telcom Report Telemed J VINE. no.124; 2001; p.12 16WEB TechniquesWorld Wide Web Journal G mobile agentsmobile computingMobile-computing mobilitymobility disabilitiesmobility impairmentsmobility problemsModels, NursingModels, OrganizationalModels, StatisticalMolecular Sequence Data monitoring$ Monitoring, Physiologic/*methodsMorbidity/*trendsMotion Pictures/*trends Motivationmotor disabilities$multidimensional prioritization multimediamultimedia communicationmultimedia databasesmultimedia systems$multiple language availabilitymultiple language supportmultiple view formatMultivariate Analysismultiwindowed environment Muscle, Skeletal/*physiologyDAMuscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects/*physiology/physiopathology museums Music- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed Napster-$ National Federation of the Blind4.National Institute of Standards and Technology natural language interfaces navigationneck movement limitationsNeeds Assessment0-Needs Assessment/*statistics & numerical data$Neisseria meningitidis/geneticsNepalNerve Block/methodsnetwork computers Networks- neural nets Neural Networks (Computer)neuronal database accessneuronal forestsneuronal morphology New Hampshire New Mexico New York City/epidemiology next generation interfacesNifedipine/pharmacologynistNitrogen/pharmacologynormal trichromatsNorth Carolina North Carolina/epidemiologynotebook computers novice users Nurse's RoleNursing Assessment$ object based client server modelobject oriented databaseobject oriented databasesobject oriented modelobject recognition82Occupational Exposure/*statistics & numerical data,)Occupational Therapy Department, HospitalOCLC FirstSearchoff screen modelOhio-online barriersonline customersonline databasesonline distance educationonline front ends0,Online Systems/organization & administration online trust Online-information-retrievalordinal rankingOrganizations-original Web code83Orthopedics/*education/*statistics & numerical dataOxygen/pharmacology pagersPalatal Neoplasms/surgeryPapilloma/surgeryParasites/*genetics partially sighted individuals("participant stakeholder evaluationparticipation modesPathology/trends$!Patient Acceptance of Health Care0-Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*psychologyD>Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical dataPatient Education Patient Education/*methodsPatient Education/methods82Patient Participation/*statistics & numerical dataPatient SatisfactionPatient-Centered CarePDAspedagogical toolpeople with disabilities$people with motor disabilities perceptual distinctiveness performanceperformance evaluation82Periapical Tissue/anatomy & histology/*radiography@=Pharmaceutical Services/organization & administration/*trendsPhilosophy, Medical phonesPhosphorylation Phylogenyphysical collectionsphysical disabilitiesphysical distinctiveness(%Physical Therapy Department, HospitalPhysically-handicapped Physician-Patient Relations$!Physicians/*supply & distributionPhysicians/standardsphysics computing pilot testing plain English,(Platform for Privacy Preferences Project platform specific elementsPoint-of-Care Systemspolitical programmes portabilityPortable-computers post officepostal services Potassium Channel Blockerspotential customersPractice Guidelines Pregnancy(%Pregnancy Complications/*epidemiologyHBPregnancy Complications/diagnosis/*ethnology/*prevention & controlPregnancy Outcome-@ Sloan, M.w$Web accessibility and the DDA.|vThere are many legal issues raised by the growth in e-commerce and e-learning, but one of the least discussed is that of Web accessibility. As a result of the increased use of proprietary technologies and a failure to follow guidelines when designing Web sites a large percentage of the Internet remains inaccessible to many parts of the disabled community. As a result, the effect has been to exclude a significant section of the population from fully benefiting and participating in the increased use and reliance on e-commerce and e-learning. The purpose of the paper is to explore, in light of events and experiences elsewhere in the world, whether and to what extent the disability rights legislation in the UK might apply in such a scenario. It also considers the effect of the recent Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 on the previously excluded area of education..'Graduate Sch. of Law, Glasgow Univ., UK information resources Internet legislation Web accessibility legal issues e commerce e learning Web sites disabled community disability rights legislation uk Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 C0230B (Legal aspects of computing) C7210N (Information networks) c02 c72@9JILT Journal of Information Law & Technology. no.2; 2001; Snape, R.m& Web/ODBMS-based customer supportHBCustomers require a technical support system that combines Web accessibility with automated problem-solving capabilities. The paper discusses how an object-based client-server model provides a flexible, cost-effective solution. It considers how Primus has bet their business on using an object-oriented (OO) model to build a flexible, cost-effective tool that empowers both customer support analysts and online customers to diagnose and solve problems. The paper presents a brief overview of the customer support market and considers an object model approach to problem solving.client server systems costing help systems Internet object oriented databases technical support services World Wide Web object oriented database customer support technical support system automated problem solving object based client server model cost effective Primus business object oriented model online customers C6150E (General utility programs) C0310B (Computer facilities) C6150N (Distributed systems software) C7210 (Information services and centres) C6160J (Object oriented databases) c61 c03 c72Object Magazine74 1997 26-30 Stoger, B.4.Man-machine interface for blind computer usersAs a blind computer user and as an expert for the man-machine interface for this group of people, the author gives a survey of the special problems and of the technologies developed to overcome them. The two most important tools through which a blind user may access the computer, the Braille display and the speech synthesizer, are introduced. Special emphasis is laid on access to the graphical user interface and to the World Wide Web.Interuniversitares Inst. fur Informationssysteme zur Unterstutzung sehgeschadigter Studierender, Johannes Kepler Univ., Linz, Austria0)graphical user interfaces handicapped aids information networks speech synthesis speech based user interfaces man machine interface blind computer users Braille display speech synthesizer graphical user interface World Wide Web Web Accessibility Initiative off screen model screen reader C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C5585 (Speech recognition and synthesis equipment) C5260S (Speech processing techniques) C6180N (Natural language processing) C6180G (Graphical user interfaces) C7210N (Information networks) c78 c55 c52 c61 c72JDElektrotechnik und Informationstechnik. vol.118, no.3; 2001; p.131 5 *(software toolssoftware usabilitysoftware visualization Software-Solvents/chemistry sortingSpain@;Spanish National Reference Database for Ionizing Radiations Spanish universities analysis41Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 speech speech based user interfaces speech outputspeech synthesisspeech synthesizer0*Spouse Abuse/diagnosis/*ethnology/*therapystandalone machines standard standardsState Health Plans<7State Medicine/*economics/organization & administrationState Medicine/standardsstatistical tables statisticsstructural markupstructural navigationstructured pagesstructured visualizationD>Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/prevention & controlSubstrate SpecificitySupport, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Surgery/trends Syndromesynthesized speechsystem complexity system designsystem monitoringSystems Integration Taiwan task analysistask completiontask completion times teaching teaching toolTeaching/*methodstechnical communicationtechnical communicatorstechnical professionals technical support servicestechnical support systemtechnological forecasting$!Technology Assessment, Biomedicaltechnology transfertechnology variety telecommunication standardsTelecommunicationsTelemedicine/*methods82Telemedicine/*organization & administration/trends<7Telemedicine/legislation & jurisprudence/organization &82Telemedicine/organization & administration/*trends0+Teleradiology/organization & administration televisions templates<6Temporomandibular Joint/anatomy & histology/physiologytext only pagetextual content0*therapy/physiopathology/psychology/therapy Time FactorsTinnitus/*psychology Tomography, X-Ray ComputedTongue Diseases/surgery Towel projectTracheal Diseases/surgery trail signsTraining Supporttransaction model$Transcultural Nursing/*methodsTransdata systemtraumatic brain injury travelTreatment Outcometree searching trilingualismTropical Medicineubiquitous environmentubiquitous mobile accessuk UK domainUK Web page accessibilityUK Web site home pages UK Wide Web Unified Web Site Guidelines United States0+United States Distance Learning Association0*United States Food and Drug Administration United States/epidemiologyuniversal accessuniversal access featuresuniversal accessibilityuniversal design universal design principles universal information accessuniversal usability$universal usability statements universally usable interface0+University Continuing Education Associationuniversity librariesUniversity-librariesunstructured navigationurlURLsusausa- usabilityusability engineeringusability principlesusability testingUsability Working Groupuser ability enhancementuser acceptance user agentsuser aware design user behavioruser centred design user controluser diversityuser evaluationuser frustration user groups user inputuser interactionuser interface user interface architectureuser interface designuser interface guidelines$!user interface management systemsuser interfacesuser knowledgeuser knowledge gaps user modelinguser modelling user platform user privacyuser satisfaction$user sensitive inclusive designUser-Computer InterfaceUser-interface Users- Vasoconstriction/*physiology(#Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology$!vector based usability evaluation vendors40Venules/drug effects/*physiology/physiopathology Vermont Veterinary Medicine/*methodsvirtual libraryvision impairmentsvisual communication visual cuesvisual disabilitiesvisual impairments RKDevelopment of an information kiosk with a sign language recognition systemo An information kiosk with a JSL (Japanese sign language) recognition system that allows hearing-impaired people to easily search for various kinds of information and services was tested in a government office. This kiosk system was favorably received by most users.ngesture recognition government data processing handicapped aids information retrieval systems information kiosk sign language recognition system jsl Japanese sign language hearing impaired people information search government office C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7250 (Information storage and retrieval) C6180 (User interfaces) C7130 (Public administration) c78 c72 c61 c71a4.Sagawa, H. Takeuchi, M. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usabilityl  CUU 2000. ACMd  New York, NY 2000<6RWCP, MM Functions Hitachi Lab., Tokyo, Japan xiii+165 149-50 Schmetzke, A.mHBOnline distance education-"anytime, anywhere" but not for everyoneSuggests a reason for the low degree of inaccessibility of distance-education sites: unawareness about the issue among those institutions who assume a leadership function. When organizations, such as the United States Distance Learning Association, whose purpose is to promote the development and application of distance learning for education and training and which considers itself to be the leading source of information and recommendations for government agencies, Congress, industry and those entering into the development of distance learning programs puts up a home page that is blatantly non-compliant with the W3C/WAI's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines by failing to provide alternative text for graphical elements, it is difficult to take this as anything but an indication that the leaders and trainers in the field are unaware of the need for universal design. Or when the University Continuing Education Association-which is committed to making higher education available to everyone, which strives to ensure that programs and services address societal needs and economic trends, and which seeks to advance new distance education technologies that expand the reach of colleges and universities to diverse student populations-selects a frame-based design for its homepage that contains neither meaningful frame titles nor a no-frames option, one has to worry about the representation of people with disabilities in this organization's endeavors. An analysis of distance education policies provides further support for the hypothesis that lack of awareness among the leadership is partially responsible for the many access barriers found at the majority of web sites of distance education providers..'Wisconsin Univ., Stevens Point, WI, USAdistance learning information resources online distance education United States Distance Learning Association W3CWAI's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines University Continuing Education Association societal needs economic trends distance education technologies frame based design homepage disabilities web sites C7810C (Computer aided instruction) C7210N (Information networks) c78 c72HAInformation Technology and Disabilities. vol.7, no.2; April 2001; G*prejudicial factorsPrescription Fees$Prescriptions, Drug/*economics PrevalencePreventive MedicinePrimary Health Care Primary Health Care/*manpower Primary Prevention/methods Primusprint disabilitiesprint disabilityPrivate Sector probabilityprobability theoryproduct interfaceproduct usability productionprofessional aspects professional organizations,)Professional Practice Location/*economicsProgram DevelopmentProgram Evaluationprogram understandingprogram visualisationProgramming Languagesprogramming style,(Prostatic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathologyProtein Conformation Protein Kinases/*metabolism Protein Structure, Secondary0+Proteins/*chemistry/classification/genetics Proteins/*chemistry/genetics Proteins/chemistry/genetics protocols Protocols-40Psychiatry/*organization & administration/trendspsychological factors psychologyPsychosocial Deprivation Psychotherapypublic administrationPublic AssistancePublic Health/*educationPublic Opinion Public SectorPutonghua dialectQuality ControlQuality of Health Carequality of servicequality online servicesQuestionnairesquick sort algorithm radioactivity Randomized Controlled Trials randomnessRats reading order real time information accessreal time systems reconfigurable architectures red green color deficiency redundancyReferral and Consultation0-Referral and Consultation/economics/standards$relational data base structurerelational databasesrelevance feedback0*Relief Work/*organization & administrationremittance processingremittance services$Remote Consultation/*economics Remote Consultation/*trends,&Remote Consultation/economics/*methodsremote data processing rendering computer graphics Reproducibility of Resultsrequirement changes Researchresearch agenda(#research and development managementResearch Design/standardsresearch projects Research-85Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical dataresidual vision(#Respiratory Tract Diseases/*surgery retailers retailingreverse engineering0+Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical data Risk FactorsRisk Management/*methods RNIB Digital Access Campaign Role-in run timeD>Rural Health Services/statistics & numerical data/*utilizationRural PopulationRwanda/epidemiology$!Saccharomyces cerevisiae/geneticsSampling Studies scalable web server designscaleable VoxML client Schizosaccharomyces/geneticsSchool-libraries screen readerscreen reader programsscreen reading technology screen sizescreening test search enginesearch engines Searching- securitysecurity of dataseizure disordersselective content reading Self Care$Self Care/methods/*utilization self explanatory componentsSelf-Help Groups4.Self-Help Groups/organization & administrationsemantic transcoding Semaphoreseniors communitysensory disabilitiesSequence AlignmentSequence Analysis, DNA(#Sequence Analysis, Protein/*methodsSex CharacteristicsSex Education/*standards84Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis/prevention &sighted mobility sign language$ sign language recognition systemsimple configurations simplicitysimulation gamesingle computerSinusitis/surgerySkin Diseases/*surgerySkin/*blood supply social aspects of automation Social ClassSocial Environmentsocial factors social impactsocial problemsocial programmesSocial Responsibilitysocietal needs84Societies, Scientific/*organization & administrationsocio economic effects Softwaresoftware agentssoftware componentsSoftware Designsoftware diffusionsoftware standardssoftware systems 42 $digital color palettedigital dividedigital libraries Digital Signature Initiativedirectional navigation disabilities disability rights legislation disableddisabled communitydisabled peopledisabled persons$!disabled persons' computer accessdisabled usersDisabled-people$distance education technologiesdistance learning distributed data managementdistributed databases distributed object managementdistributed processingdistributed programming0-distributed Web based microstructure databasediverse communitiesdiverse user groupsDNA, Bacterial/geneticsdocument handlingdocument image processing$document management technology Downloading-Drug and Narcotic Controldynamic generation("dynamically high compressed matter e commerce e learningE mail systems ease of use easy accessececonomic programmeseconomic trends education Education, Dental/*methodsEducation, Distanceeducational computingeducational environment@;Educational Measurement/methods/statistics & numerical dataeducational processesEducational Status Efficiency Efficiency, Organizational ELDer project eldercareelectronic commerceelectronic deviceselectronic imaging fields($electronic information accessibilityelectronic mailelectronic publishingelectronic resourcesElectronics, Medical embedded system based productemotional factors("end consumer business transactionsEndoscopy/methods EnglandEnglish AbstractEnglish language4/Enhanced Living through Design Research Project enterprise resource planning entertainmentenvironmental factorsequal opportunities equipment ergonomics EroticaEscherichia coli/genetics40Ethics Committees/*organization & administration Ethiopia Ethnic Groups Europe evaluationEvaluation Studies Evaluation-evaluative protocolEvidence-Based MedicineEvolution, Molecular exhibitionsexperienced usersExpressed Sequence Tags extensible transcoding systemexternal navigation EZ Accessfamily distinctivenessfamily resemblanceFearFeasibility Studiesfederal agencies federal government statisticsfederal regulations feedback Fellowships and Scholarships Female Fetal Deathfinancial domainfinite element analysisfinite element model finite element partitioningFollow-Up Studiesfonts Food/*history Forecastingformative experiments0-Fortune 100 business Web site inaccessibilityframe based design framesfull text databasesfull text records function specific elementsfunctional impairments future trendsfuzzy environmentfuzzy Markov modelfuzzy set theoryfuzzy state transitiongames consoles general interface principlesGenetic EngineeringGenome, Protozoan Georgia geriatricsgesture recognitionglobal navigation$!globally distributed data sourcesGovernment Agencies government data processinggovernment officegovernment servicesgovernment sitesGranuloma/surgerygraphical benefitsgraphical snapshotsgraphical user interface4 Rogoff, R.:4Making electronic information accessible to everyone.(Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1998 requires that all electronic information used by federal agencies be accessible to people with vision, hearing, and mobility impairments. Section 508 only applies to federal agencies at this time. The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the W3C defines three levels of priority for Web accessibility. Some of the Section 508 requirements are based on Priority I of the WAI. However, WAI recommendations are entirely voluntary. Even though there is no mandate to impose these requirements on commercial software or web pages, most of these requirements are not difficult to meet. If you are involved in the design and development and documentation of software applications, or Web pages, you should know how to apply accessibility features to your applications.government data processing handicapped aids information resources legislation 1998 Rehabilitation Act Section 508 Web Accessibility Initiative commercial software Web pages electronic information accessibility federal agencies vision impairments hearing impairments mobility impairments C0230B (Legal aspects of computing) C7210N (Information networks) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7130 (Public administration) c02 c72 c78 c71("IPCC 2001 Communication Dimensions No.01CH37271). IEEEl Piscataway, NJ 2001{My Training Dept. Inc., San Ramon, CA, USA Proceedings IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (Cat xi+469a 231-6c1 0 tnThe FirstSearch user interface architecture: universal access for any user, in many languages, on any platformThe OCLC FirstSearch/sup R/ service allows users to search for bibliographic and full text records in over 80 online databases. Web-based, FirstSearch was designed to adapt to unexpected user needs, platform considerations, languages, and changing requirements. The many unknowns during development necessitated an architecture that would allow many types of contributors to modify the interface easily and frequently. For example, marketing, documentation, and user interface designers edited the strings used in the interface, including translation; and user interface and graphic designers edited the screen layout. Structured initialization files with a simple convention for adapting to specific users, platforms, languages, etc., allowed continual broadening of the accessibility of the system without complicating the overall architecture. The paper begins with a discussion of the general requirements for FirstSearch (multi-platform, multi-lingual, levels of users, low-end hardware, accessibility) and the need for better coordination of contributions from the FirstSearch team. The architecture is then described, which partitions the specification of the interface into platform-specific, language-specific, and language/platform-independent functional components. The user interface, in the form of Web pages, is then generated dynamically (although it would also be possible to generate static pages). The paper ends with a discussion of experiences with the changes to the interface and a cost-benefit analysis of the architecture, with the overall conclusion that addressing many accessibility issues in the architecture facilitated individual accessibility issues.bibliographic systems cost benefit analysis full text databases handicapped aids information resources search engines user interface management systems user interface architecture OCLC FirstSearch bibliographic records full text records online databases user interface design accessibility Web pages dynamic generation C7250C (Bibliographic retrieval systems) C6180 (User interfaces) C7210N (Information networks) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7250N (Search engines) c72 c61 c78("Perlman, G. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000$OCLC, Dublin, OH, USA xiii+165 1-8 Perlman, G.<5Achieving universal usability by designing for changePartitioning function-, language-, and platform-specific elements of an interface into pieces that can be incorporated into templates lets developers adapt to requirement changes and provides universal usability.information retrieval systems library automation user interfaces platform specific elements language specific elements function specific elements templates universal usability requirement changes universally usable interface Web based FirstSearch bibliographic and full text retrieval system Web server search engine multiple language support C6180 (User interfaces) C7250 (Information storage and retrieval) C7210L (Library automation) c61 c72IEEE Internet Computingi632t 2002 46-556:4Guidelines for creating accessible library Web pagesLibrary Web developers can improve their Web pages and work towards accessibility by all user groups. This article describes some general accessibility guidelines to follow when creating Web pages. It discusses the recommendations of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), called the Web Accessibility Initiatives (WAI). This article focuses attention on the accessibility of Web pages to users with visual impairments, auditory impairments, and mobility impairments. Accessibility guidelines for these user groups are suggested. Another important aspect of creating accessible Web pages is to test the pages during and after development. Online products that test accessibility are discussed as well as additional test methods, such as user input.Dayton Univ., OH, USAPJhypermedia markup languages information resources accessible library Web pages user groups accessibility guidelines World Wide Web Consortium Web Accessibility Initiatives visual impairments auditory impairments mobility impairments C6130M (Multimedia) C7210N (Information networks) C6130D (Document processing techniques) c61 c72Polanka, S. O'Gorman, J.F@Internet Reference Services Quarterly. vol.5, no.3; 2001; p.51 7 2001 6612.9131304:4Guidelines for creating accessible library Web pagesXQLibrary Web site developers can improve their Web pages and work towards accessibility by all user groups. Describes some general accessibility guidelines to follow when creating Web pages and discusses the recommendations of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), called the Web Accessibility Initiatives (WAI). Focuses attention on the accessibility of Web pages to users with visual impairments, auditory impairments and mobility impairments and suggests accessibility guidelines for these user groups. Another important aspect of creating accessible Web pages is to test the pages during and after development. Online products that test accessibility are discussed as well as additional test methods, such as user input. (The authors may be contacted by electronic mail at sue.polanka@notes.udayton.edu and ogormanj@notes.udayton.edu). (Copies of this article are available for a fee from the Haworth Document Delivery Service, Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, New York, 13904-1580, USA. E-Mail: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com), Web site (http://www.HaworthPress.com)). (Original abstract)PILibrary-technology Internet- World-Wide-Web Web-sites Design- Guidelines-Polanka, S. O'Gorman, J. Poole, N.t&Approaches to Web accessibility JDThe purpose of this article is to examine the existing tools and guidance available to museums, archives and libraries, and then to consider new technologies such as accessible portable document format files and additional modules for existing Web development software. The article reviews current tools, standards and guidelines in accessibility such as WAI, RNIB Digital Access Campaign, Information Age Government Champions guidelines, Bobby validator, Access Adobe and the Macromedia Dreamweaver Accessibility Extension. Two Case Studies concerning accessibility are included.0*application generators document image processing exhibitions humanities Internet library automation World Wide Web accessibility museums archives libraries accessible portable document format files Web development software modules wai RNIB Digital Access Campaign Information Age Government Champions guidelines Bobby validator Access Adobe Macromedia Dreamweaver Accessibility Extension C7210L (Library automation) C7210N (Information networks) C7820 (Humanities computing) C6130D (Document processing techniques) C6115 (Programming support) c72 c78 c61"VINE. no.124; 2001; p.12 16 .^tnAurora: a conceptual model for Web-content adaptation to support the universal usability of Web-based servicesUsers of the World-Wide Web (Web) have a diverse set of needs, abilities, and goals. To achieve universal usability, the Web today calls for the development of new systems that enable the same content to be adapted for display according to these various needs. This paper presents Aurora, an extensible transcoding system that targets and adapts content in existing Web pages to help the broadest population of users, particularly in the disabled community, to obtain various Web-based services, such as auction, search engine, travel, etc. The system adapts Web content based on semantic rather than syntactic constructs - facilitating navigation by streamlining the Web interface according to abstract user goals. In addition, it provides the capability to adapt this content to meet the specific needs of any number of user groups. This paper puts forth a conceptual abstraction, called the transaction model, for conceptually classifying Web data to meet these goals. It discusses how Aurora uses this model, through an XML-based framework, to semantically transcode existing Web content. The result is an alternative, adaptable Web interface that better supports universal usability.hahandicapped aids hypermedia markup languages information resources search engines user centred design user interface management systems Aurora conceptual model Web content adaptation universal usability Web based services World Wide Web extensible transcoding system disabled users auction search engine travel navigation transaction model Web data classification XML based framework semantic transcoding adaptable interface C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210N (Information networks) C7250N (Search engines) C6130D (Document processing techniques) C6180 (User interfaces) c78 c72 c61s82Huang, A. W. Sundaresan, N. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usabilitys  CUU 2000. ACMO  New York, NY 2000:3IBM Almaden Res. Center, San Jose, CA, USA xiii+165, 124-31 2001 6247.1050004Hustead, C. L.*$INFOhio: The Web accessibility issueDescribes the work that INFOhio (the information network for Ohio schools) is doing to make all library resources accessible to all children. Notes that nearly 98 per cent of existing Web sites are inaccessible, meaning they are not compatible with the tools the disabled use to navigate the Web such as text readers and text to Braille translators. Stresses the importance of increasing awareness of Web accessibility issues in Ohio's schools.lfWorld-Wide-Web Access-to-information Disabled-people Role-in School-libraries Networks- Ohio- INFOhio-Ichihara, Y. G.~What do you see in a digital color dot picture such as the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates? Web Accessibility Palette (WAP)Internet imaging is used as interactive visual communication. It is different form other electronic imaging fields because the imaging is transported from one client to many others. So what do you see in a digital color dot picture such as the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates? The Ishihara pseudoisochromatic test is the most widely used screening test for red-green color deficiency. The full version contains 38 plates. Plates 18-21 are hidden digit designs. For example, plate 20 has 45 hidden digit designs that cannot be seen by normal trichromats but can be distinguished by most color deficient observers. The article presents a novel digital color palette. This is the Web accessibility palette where the same information on Internet imaging can be seen correctly by any color vision person. For this study, we have measured the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic test. We used the Minolta 2D-colorimeter system, CL1040i that can define all pixels in a 4 cm*4 cm square to take measurements. From the results, color groups of 8 to 10 colors in the Ishihara plates can be seen on isochromatic lines of CIE-xy color spaces. On each plate, the form of a number is composed of 4 colors and the background colors are composed of the remaining 5 colors. Normal trichromats can distinguish these 9 colors from one another but cannot detect the form of the number. For normal trichromats, it is difficult to find the difference between the 4 color group which makes up the form of the number and the 5 color group of the background colors. We also found that for normal trichromats, colors like orange and red that are highly salient are included in the warm color group and are distinguished from the cool color group of blue, green and gray. The results suggest that the Web accessibility palette consists of 4 colors.>8Dept. of Arts & Design, Hosen Gakuen Coll., Tokyo, Japanimage colour analysis interactive systems Internet visual communication digital color dot picture Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates Web Accessibility Palette Internet imaging interactive visual communication electronic imaging fields screening test red green color deficiency hidden digit designs normal trichromats digital color palette color vision person Ishihara pseudoisochromatic test Minolta 2D colorimeter system CL1040i isochromatic lines CIE xy color spaces B6135 (Optical image and video signal processing) C5260B (Computer vision and image processing techniques) C1260S (Signal processing theory) C7210N (Information networks) C6180 (User interfaces) b61 c52 c12 c72 c61jcProceedings of the SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.4311; 2001; p.419 269 1999Dardailler, D.*$The Web Accessibility Initiative WAILEDiscusses the World Wide Web Consortium's W3C Web Accessibility Initiative WAI which focuses on making the World Wide Web accessible to existing and potential Web users who have disabilities. Outlines the barriers to Web use by users who are deaf, blind, physically handicapped and cognitively or neurologically disabled. NLMrkInternet- World-Wide-Web Handicapped- Organizations- World-Wide-Web-Consortium Web-Accessibility-Initiative 'M4 j@:C0230 (Economic social and political aspects of computing)(#C0230B (Legal aspects of computing),&C0240 (Ergonomic aspects of computing)c03 C0310B (Computer facilities)c11("C1140 (Probability and statistics)C1140J (Markov processes)$!C1160 (Combinatorial mathematics)c12$!C1260S (Signal processing theory)@C7290 (Other aspects of information science and documentation)c73,'C7320 (Physics and chemistry computing)(%C7330 (Biology and medical computing)c78(#C7810C (Computer aided instruction) C7820 (Humanities computing)<6C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) CAIN project(#Calcium Channels, L-Type/physiologyCanada/ethnologyCantonese dialect car drivers,(Cardiology/organization & administration Caregiverscarl-cascading stylesheetsCase-Control Studiescastcast- Cattle Cattle Diseases/*diagnosis Cd-rom$!Center for Assistive Technologies(%Center-for-Applied-Special-Technology41Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic usecerebral cortexCesarean SectionChi-Square DistributionChildChild, PreschoolChinese languageChoanal Atresia/surgeryChromosome MappingCIE xy color spacescifcitizen empowermentcitizen participation CL1040iclient server model Isaak, J. &Toward equal Web access for alllZTWeb access for all, including those with disabilities, may be a legal requirement. Simple guidelines for site and page design can help you avoid future problems as well as improve site ease-of-use. The paper discusses the federal lawsuit against AOL filed by the National Federation of the Blind. The suit charges that AOL has violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a law that became effective in 1992, by using software incompatible with screen reader programs that convert text into Braille and synthesized speech. The paper considers some quick tips for Web content accessibility.handicapped aids human factors information resources Internet legislation user interfaces Web access disabled users legal requirement Web site design Web page design ease of use lawsuit aol National Federation of the Blind Americans with Disabilities Act law screen reader programs Braille synthesized speech Web content accessibility C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210N (Information networks) C6180 (User interfaces) C0230B (Legal aspects of computing) c78 c72 c61 c02IT Professional26 2000 49-51"+ 4? 1998 3394.924000. Balas, J. L.6/Library consortia in the brave new online worldiThe widespread adoption of Internet protocols has made it easier for libraries to link together in consortia and pool their resources effectively. Describes three Web sites which provide information of interest to librarians looking to form a consortium. The Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries' (CARL) home page provides a link to a brief history of the consortium, its strategic plan and its publications. The World Wide Web Consortium, also known as W3C, is an international industry consortium, founded in October 1994 to develop common protocols that will promote the evolution of the Web and guarantee its interoperability. W3C provides information about the Web for developers and users. The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) is a project committed to making the Web accessible to people with disabilities and is of interest to librarians since it fits their own mission of filling the information needs of all users. JPOnline-information-retrieval Library-consortia Libraries- Information-sources World-Wide-Web Web-sites carl- World-Wide-Web-Consortium Web-Accessibility-InitiativePIUsability testing with screen reading technology in a Windows environmentaEver since applications with graphical user interfaces were introduced, individuals who are blind have experienced great difficulty accessing these applications. The quality of access provided through a combination of screen reading software and speech synthesizer is greatly dependent on the design of the mainstream application interface. In an attempt to better understand the access strategies employed by users of screen readers, this study was designed to: (a) examine the interaction between users of screen reading technology and graphical user interface (GUI) elements; and (b) to identify the type and significance of obstacles encountered during these interactions. Fifty-eight unique obstacles encountered by participants were identified. These obstacles were encountered by the thirteen participants a total of 534 times. Although many obstacles led to minor delays, the cumulative effect of these obstacles was to significantly delay, and in many cases, prevent task completion.& graphical user interfaces handicapped aids task analysis user modelling usability testing screen reading technology Windows environment blind individuals user interaction gui task completion C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180G (Graphical user interfaces) c78 c61*#Barnicle, K. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACMe  New York, NY 2000HBTrace Res. Dev. Center, Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA xiii+165 102-9nBeckett, D. J.0*30% accessible-a survey of the UK Wide WebleThe paper describes a comprehensive survey of the UK domain and of UK Web site home pages. The survey determined the features of the typical WWW page and analysed the HTTP and HTML in general terms, for the use of standards and for accessibility. Finally, the features found were used to calculate a figure for the overall accessibility of the UK Web pages..(Comput. Lab., Kent Univ., Canterbury, UKInternet telecommunication standards UK Wide Web UK domain UK Web site home pages http html standards UK Web page accessibility C7210 (Information services and centres) C5620W (Other computer networks) c72 c56("Computer Networks and ISDN Systems29 8-13 19971367-754.Mobile agents for Web-based systems managementThe increasing dimension and heterogeneity of global Web systems make their management with tools based on the client/server model more difficult. The mobile agent technology overcomes the limits of traditional approaches and proposes solutions that are suitable for the management of distributed and heterogeneous Internet-based systems. The paper describes the MAMAS environment and its implementation with a mobile agent technology. MAMAS has the goals of monitoring the whole system, introducing dynamic corrective actions and modifying system policies at run-time. MAMAS achieves these objectives by answering the guidelines of both security and compliance to standards. The choice of Java as the implementation language has made it possible to achieve portability, to exploit the language security features, and to provide Web accessibility. The MAMAS compliance with CORBA ensures interoperability with legacy management platforms.LFDipartimento di Elettronica, Inf. e Sistemistica, Bologna Univ., Italy distributed object management distributed programming information resources Internet security of data software agents system monitoring mobile agents Web based systems management client server model heterogeneous systems mamas monitoring run time security standards Java portability language security corba interoperability legacy management platforms C6150N (Distributed systems software) C7210N (Information networks) C6170 (Expert systems and other AI software and techniques) C6110J (Object oriented programming) c61 c72>7Bellavista, P. Corradi, A. Tarantino, F. Stefanelli, C.ed]Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy. vol.9, no.5; 1999; p.360 71y 7T Jilek, P.e`YThe concept of administration in TRANSDATA. I. Principles and practices of administrationeF?The TRANSDATA system comprises a spectrum of matched hardware and software components for the establishment of remote data processing systems, from simple configurations with a single computer to complex computer networks. Thus an essential objective of this system is its universal usability, independent of the size of the specific configuration and largely independent of the functions which are determined by the application. This objective, mainly influenced by economic considerations, fundamentally determines the concept according to which the system is administered.B, for help in analyzing whether or not Web pages meet the WAI guidelines. The guidelines are written to ensure that disabled users have access to the content of the World Wide Web using a wide range of devices and applications.XQInternet- World-Wide-Web Blind-and-partially-sighted Web-Accessibility-Initiative,%The beauty of simplicity [Web design]nWe show how discussion about design quality or even usability is often discussion about aesthetics. First, we introduce some definitions of beauty in aesthetics. Then, we introduce how the beauty of the Web design affects the feeling of online trust, and bring forth observations about this design quality as an aesthetic notion. As a result, we present how simplicity and beauty affect the user's experience and interpretation of the design, and contemplate on how this perception may vary according to cultural background, age, and the amount of user experience. We also envision some future trends for the aesthetics of user interfaces.^Winformation resources social aspects of automation technological forecasting user interface management systems design quality usability aesthetics beauty Web design online trust simplicity future trends user interfaces C6180 (User interfaces) C7210N (Information networks) C0230 (Economic social and political aspects of computing) c61 c72 c02*#Karvonen, K. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000<6Dept. of Art History, Helsinki Univ., Finland xiii+165 85-904.A tool to evaluate universal Web accessibilityThe Web Accessibility Visual Evaluator (WAVE) is a tool that, in addition to performing automated checks, helps users perform the human judgments essential for evaluating if a Web page is universally accessible to people with and without disabilities. For example, the WAVE: (a) inserts the information accessed by people who are blind (eg, alternative text, structural markup, reading order) into the representation seen by people who are sighted; (b) flags audio content requiring equivalents for people who are deaf; and (c) flags objects requiring continuous motor control that require equivalent discrete access for people with motor disabilities, thus helping the user evaluate whether access by people with and without disabilities is functionally equivalent.handicapped aids information resources information retrieval user interfaces universal accessibility Web Accessibility Visual Evaluator WAVE tool Web page disabilities information access blind people alternative text structural markup reading order audio content deaf people continuous motor control motor disabilities C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210N (Information networks) C7250 (Information storage and retrieval) C6180 (User interfaces) c78 c72 c61*$Kasday, L. R. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000JCInst. on Disabilities, Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA xiii+165 161-2>7A tool to help human judgment of Web page accessibilityrTo be accessible to people with disabilities, web pages must conform to accessibility guidelines, but not all conformance can be tested automatically. Human judgment is needed. The WAVE (Web Accessibility Versatile Evaluator) inserts into a web page the textual equivalents seen by screenreaders used by people who are blind, alerts to audio material requiring transcripts or captioning for people who are deaf or hard of hearing, and arrows that show the order in which elements would be read by a screenreader or accessed via alternative keyboards by people with motor disabilities, thus helping a person judge whether the web page is accessible.0*handicapped aids information resources Internet human judgment Web page accessibility people with disabilities wave Web Accessibility Versatile Evaluator deaf hard of hearing people with motor disabilities C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210N (Information networks) c78 c72 Kasday, L. R. Winters, J.6/Proceedings of the RESNA 2000 Annual Conference 4.Technology for the New Millennium. RESNA Press  Arlington, VA 2000HBInst. on Disabilities, Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA xvi+605 116-18Z:roduct Safety 1999 4494.149000e Hattery, M.dTMMaking the web blind-user friendly: home page reader and authoring guidelineshTwo recent developments are aimed at making the World Wide Web (WWW) more accessible to the blind and visually impaired. An English speaking version of IBM's Home Page Reader became available in 1998. This voice WWW browser encodes Web text and hypertext, translates these codes and hence is able to navigate a Web page, identify its structures and translate for the user. The user navigates using the number keypad. The reader changes voices for text and links, it uses Netscape Navigator as its Web browser and HTML source, includes email, spoken instructions which guide users through a standard installation program, and it provides some screen reader compatibility. The World Wide Web Consortium has issued deaf and accessibility guidelines through its Web Accessibility Initiative. SE0*World-Wide-Web Blind-and-partially-sightedHeim, J.81Locking out the disabled [Web site accessibility] {Making Web sites accessible to all potential customers seems like common sense. One in five Americans has some disability; as the country ages, that percentage is expected to increase. A Web site that's navigable by an assistive technology such as a screen reader is also accessible by phones and palmtops, not to mention by old, slow computers. In addition, every site wants to stand out, and the goodwill generated by maintaining an accessible online presence can be a powerful way to do that. Accessibility also makes sense legally: The Justice Department has ruled that the Americans With Disabilities Act applies to the Web, not just to places that can be accessed physically. A retailer whose Web site doesn't meet ADA standards can be sued under the act, just as a brick-and-mortar store can. But as the online world grows more graphical, it becomes less accessible to disabled users.NHelectronic commerce handicapped aids information resources retailing social aspects of automation Web site accessibility disabled people assistive technology Americans With Disabilities Act retailers D1040 (Human aspects) D2080 (Information services and database systems) D2140 (Marketing retailing and distribution) d10 d20 d21PC World (US Edition)189 2000 181-5 4' `yclient server systemscognitive agingcognitive disabilities("Cognitive Therapy/*instrumentationcollaborative approachcolor vision personColorectal Neoplasms($Commerce/legislation & jurisprudencecommercial softwareCommon Industry Format CommunicationCommunication Barrierscommunication programcommunications<8Community Health Planning/*organization & administration<7Community Health Planning/organization & administration,&Community Health Services/*utilizationcompany strategyComparative Studycomplex computer networkscompliance auditcomprehension scores comprehensive infrastructurecomputational perceptioncomputer access0-Computer Aided Information Navigation project computer aided instructioncomputer animationcomputer based toolcomputer based training$Computer Communication Networks,&Computer Communication Networks/trends$computer head control softwarecomputer human interfaceComputer Literacycomputer networksComputer SecurityComputer SimulationComputer Systemscomputer technologyComputer User Training,&Computer-Assisted Instruction/*methods,'Computer-Assisted Instruction/standards CondomsConfidentialityconfiguration agentsConflict of Interest$ Constriction, Pathologic/surgery ConsultantsConsumer Advocacyconsumer devices("consumer electronics manufacturersConsumer ParticipationConsumer Satisfactioncontent accessibilitycontents tablescontextual designcontextually aware toolcontinuous motor control82Contraceptive Agents, Female/supply & distribution40Contraceptive Agents, Male/supply & distribution0+Contraceptive Agents/*supply & distribution83Contraceptive Devices, Female/supply & distribution41Contraceptive Devices, Male/supply & distribution0,Contraceptive Devices/*supply & distribution0+Contraceptives, Oral/*supply & distribution control/therapy/transmissionCooperative Behavior Copyright-corba core pages(#Coronary Artery Bypass/*utilizationcost benefit analysis Cost Controlcost effectivecost reduction costingCosts and Cost AnalysisCross-Sectional StudiesCultural DiversityCurriculum/*standards$ customer relationship managementcustomer support cyberspaced10D1040 (Human aspects)d2041D2080 (Information services and database systems)d210,D2140 (Marketing retailing and distribution)d50@:D5020 (Computer networks and intercomputer communications)Data Collection data communication systems data formats data privacydata representationdata visualisationDatabases, FactualDatabases, Proteindeafdeaf blind population deaf peopleDecision Making$Decision Making, Organizational("Decision Support Systems, ClinicalD?Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data/utilization40Delivery, Obstetric/*statistics & numerical data<8Depression, Involutional/epidemiology/*etiology/*therapydepth breath tradeoffdesign for contextdesign processdesign quality Design- desktop PCdevelopment designsdevice programming0,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/therapyDiagnosis, Differential Dictionariesdigital color dot picture  $NHUsability and public administration: experiences of a difficult marriageApproximately one and a half years ago, the Italian authority which controls the software diffusion in public administrations (Autorita per l'Informatica nella Pubblica Amministrazione-AIPA) created a working group, the Usability Working Group, with the main purposes of assessing the extent to which both suppliers of computer technologies and the public administration pay attention to product usability and of surveying the level of comfort (or discomfort) which the public administration users reach when interacting with new software systems. The group had also the duty of determining possible improvements and indicating how to obtain them in the short-medium term. Among the various activities of the group, two tests carried out for the public administration on two different development designs of interactive systems gave several hints. This paper reports on such tests and their outcomes. In particular, it concentrates on: (1) work methods of the design teams; (2) participation modes of the public administration in the design process; (3) users' evaluation of the system usability with respect to their implicit and explicit needs. Finally, the lessons learned from this experience are discussed.interactive systems public administration user centred design user interface management systems user modelling Italy software diffusion Autorita per l'Informatica nella Pubblica Amministrazione Usability Working Group product usability software systems development designs work methods participation modes user evaluation C7130 (Public administration) C6180 (User interfaces) c71 c614@:Catarci, T. Matarazzo, G. Raiss, G. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability7  CUU 2000. ACMo  New York, NY 2000F?Dipartimento di Inf. e Sistemistica, Rome Univ., Italy xiii+1655 24-315*$Web content accessibility guidelinesinformation retrieval Internet Web content accessibility guidelines C7250 (Information storage and retrieval) C7210N (Information networks) c72i.'Chisolm, W. Vanderheiden, G. Jacobs, I. Interactions8i46 20013460Web accessibility models under fuzzy environmentThe accessibility of Web links involves many uncertainties such as randomness and fuzziness. The random nature of accessibility has been modeled via probability theory where future occurrence of access states can be predicted accurately. As the Web population increases exponentially, the uncertainty in accessing the Web links will become apparently noticeable. In this paper, the accessibility of Web links is viewed in fuzzy manner. The access rate is conceptually represented by linguistic terms based on daily operational experiences. Fuzzy accessibility functions are derived for various Web link structures. A fuzzy Markov model is proposed to find the possibility of being in a specific access state by assuming fuzzy transition from one state to another state.fuzzy set theory information resources Markov processes probability quality of service Web accessibility models fuzzy environment www Web links randomness probability theory fuzzy Markov model fuzzy state transition B6210L (Computer communications) B0250 (Combinatorial mathematics) B0240J (Markov processes) C7210N (Information networks) C1160 (Combinatorial mathematics) C1140J (Markov processes) b62 b02 c72 c11<6Chong, C. W. Eswaran, C. Ramachandran, V. Hamza, M. H.jcProceedings of the Eighteenth IASTED International Conference Modelling, Identification and Control  ACTA Press  Anaheim, CA 199981Fac. of Eng., Univ. Telekom, Melaka, Malaysia 611 374-6 M ' *Referral and Consultation*Reminder Systems*Remote Consultation*Rural Health Services*Sequence Analysis, DNAPJ*Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention & control*Social Welfare *Software*Systems Integration*Telecommunications *Telemedicine*Telepathology *Urban Health*User-Computer Interface*Women's Health *World Health@=15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic(#1998 Rehabilitation Act Section 508("2001 Fortune 500 company Web sites 4-Aminopyridine/pharmacologya0782A0785 (X ray gamma ray instruments and techniques)a28LGA2880 (Radiation technology in nuclear engineering including shielding)a29(%A2930K (X and gamma ray spectroscopy) AbbreviationsAbstracting and Indexingacademic librariesAcademic Medical Centers Access AdobeAccess-to-information accessibilityaccessibility assessmentaccessibility errorsaccessibility evaluationaccessibility guidelines$ accessibility validation programaccessible format accessible library Web pages,)accessible portable document format files accessible Web page designaccessible Web pagesaccessible Web sites AcculturationAcid/pharmacologyadaptable interface adaptive navigation supportadaptive systems(#Adenocarcinoma/*diagnosis/pathologyAdenylate Kinase/geneticsadministration centreadministration/*trends AdolescentHBAdolescent Health Services/organization & administration/standardsAdultadvanced interface design Advertising aesthetics Aftercareage differences Age FactorsAgedAging in Place project$ Alcoholism/*prevention & controlalgorithm executionalgorithm visualization Algorithmsalternative textAmerica Online$Americans with Disabilities Act$Americans-with-Disabilities-ActAmino Acid Sequence Amino AcidsAmino Acids/chemistryAnalysis of VarianceAnatomy/*educationAnesthesia, Local(#Angina Pectoris/psychology/*therapy@=Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary/*utilization Animalanimated icons animationAnoxia/physiopathology Anxiety,'Anxiety/epidemiology/*etiology/*therapyaolapplication generators architecture archives83Arterioles/drug effects/*physiology/physiopathologyassistive technologyAsthma/*rehabilitation,(Asthma/epidemiology/prevention & controlatm@=Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*diagnosis/drug Attitude of Health PersonnelAttitude to Computers auction audio content auditingauditory impairmentsaural benefitsAurora conceptual model Australia Austriaautomated problem solvingautomatic teller machines<9Autorita per l'Informatica nella Pubblica Amministrazioneb02B0240J (Markov processes)$!B0250 (Combinatorial mathematics)b6141B6135 (Optical image and video signal processing)b62$ B6210L (Computer communications)b74(%B7450 (X ray and gamma ray equipment) Bacillus subtilis/*genetics0*Bacterial Proteins/classification/genetics Baltimore bandrri Base SequenceBay-K-8644/pharmacology Bayes Theorem beautybehavioral scientistsbibliographic recordsbibliographic systems biliteracy Binding Sitesblind computer usersblind individualsBlind Markup Language blind people blind users Blind-and-partially-sighted0*Blue Shield/*organization & administrationbmlBobbyBobby validator Bobby- Bone and Bones/*physiology Boston BrailleBraille displaybrain brain body interface device brain tissuebrain tissue scanner41Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/psychology/therapy Broadcasting- Browsers- businessbusiness data processing buttonsc02,(C0220 (Computing education and training) ZTBarriers to use: usability and content accessibility on the Web's most popular sitesContent accessibility is a key feature in highly usable Web sites, but reports in the popular press typically report that 95% or more of all Web sites are inaccessible to users with disabilities. The present study is a content accessibility compliance audit of 50 of the Web's most popular sites, undertaken to determine if content accessibility can be conceived and reported in continuous, rather than dichotomous, terms. Preliminary results suggest that a meaningful ordinal ranking of content accessibility is not only possible, but also correlates significantly with the results of independent automated usability assessment procedures.,&auditing handicapped aids information resources user centred design user interfaces usability content accessibility Web sites disabled users compliance audit ordinal ranking C7210N (Information networks) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) c72 c78 c614.Sullivan, T. Matson, R. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000`YInterdisciplinary PhD Program in Inf. Sci, Univ. of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA xiii+165 139-440)Configuration agents, control and privacy When a truly diverse community of users is considered, it is clear that a single interface, no matter how well designed, cannot accommodate everyone. Configuring an interface to match a particular user's requirements can be a demanding task. This paper focuses on the potential utility of configuration agents to support users with low initial levels of control, or low levels of knowledge about configuration. The relationship between configuration of systems by agents, user control, and user privacy is discussed. It is argued that privacy issues are of primary importance, and suggestions are made for ways to apply agent technologies to the configuration problem without compromising user control and privacy. Work in progress to inform and further develop these issues is described.ydata privacy handicapped aids reconfigurable architectures software agents user centred design user interface management systems user modelling configuration agents interface design user control user privacy C6180 (User interfaces) C6130S (Data security) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6170 (Expert systems and other AI software and techniques) c61 c78(!Trewin, S. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000D=IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Hawthorne, NY, USA xiii+165 9-1681Research and improving Web accessibility in JapanInternet use by the people with disabilities and the elderly in Japan is still low, but growing. However, the majority of web contents written in Japanese, even government sites, have very low accessibility. This paper introduces the active measures being taken in Japan to improve such conditions; consideration of a web contents accessibility guideline tailored to the unique characteristics of the Japanese language, development of a system to evaluate accessibility and implementation of actual trials. information resources Internet Web accessibility Internet use government sites Web contents accessibility guideline B6210L (Computer communications) C7210N (Information networks) C5620W (Other computer networks) C6150N (Distributed systems software) b62 c72 c56 c61XQUchida, H. Ando, M. Ohta, K. Shimizu, H. Hayashi, Y. Ichihara, Y. G. Yamazaki, R.hbProceedings of the SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol.4672; 2001; p.46 54 |uCustomer relationship management for the Web-access challenged: inaccessibility of the Fortune 100 business Web sitesCompanies employ the World Wide Web (Web) to gather and disseminate information to and from actual and potential customers and increasingly for end-consumer business transactions through electronic commerce (EC). Online barriers limit or eliminate Web accessibility for many potential customers with access challenges. It is difficult to establish, develop and manage relationships with potential customers if they cannot access the company's Web site for information, let alone to place orders or request services. The study evaluated the accessibility of the top 100 Fortune 500 company Web sites of 2001. An accessibility validation program quantified the number and severity of accessibility errors and problems for each site. Results indicated that the majority (71%) of the Fortune 100 Company Web sites had accessibility problems and that many of these problems were severe enough for those firms to consider it a high priority to correct them. Additionally, many errors and problems should be fixed as a matter of good programming style as well as general interface and usability principles. The bright side is there were actually few types of errors across all 100 Web sites and most can easily be amended to make sites more accessible and usable for all potential customers. The study illustrates the need for companies to examine the accessibility of their Web sites and bring them into compliance with ADA and other guidelines and requirements. Suggestions for improving the accessibility of Web sites are provided.yF@electronic commerce handicapped aids human factors information resources information retrieval user interfaces customer relationship management Web access challenged Fortune 100 business Web site inaccessibility World Wide Web potential customers end consumer business transactions ec online barriers 2001 Fortune 500 company Web sites accessibility validation program accessibility errors programming style general interface principles usability principles Americans with Disabilities Act Center for Assistive Technologies C7210N (Information networks) C7120 (Financial computing) C7180 (Retailing and distribution computing) C6130E (Data interchange) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7250R (Information retrieval techniques) C6180 (User interfaces) C0240 (Ergonomic aspects of computing) c72 c71 c61 c78 c02(!Romano, N. C., Jr. Sprague, R. H.sXQProceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IEEE Comput. Soc Los Alamitos, CA 2002F?Coll. of Bus. Adm., Oklahoma State Univ., Tulsa, OK, USA Cd-roms2296-307<b\A pilot study to examine the mobility problems of visually impaired users travelling the web The Towel project seeks to find solutions to problems encountered by both visually impaired and sighted users when travelling in the World Wide Web by leveraging solutions found in real-world mobility and applying them to the virtual world. Visually impaired users find mobility on the Web particularly difficult because of the reliance of hypermedia on visual layout and large viewable areas that facilitate and enhance sighted mobility. Hypertext design and usability has traditionally concentrated upon navigation to facilitate this mobility; consequently other aspects of travel are neglected and web mobility has suffered. Similarly, the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) Guidelines do not take a holistic view of travel and therefore in both these cases a fully rounded view of mobility cannot be formulated. This paper presents the basis for these assertions by drawing analogies between real-world and virtual-world mobility, and then attempts to substantiate these analogies by conducting a pilot study of virtual mobility on a focus group of both sighted and visually impaired web users. Knowledge of the differences in travel between visually impaired and sighted people will enable the design of better user agents and web content for visually impaired users as well as the sighted community.2+Dept. of Comput. Sci., Manchester Univ., UK,&handicapped aids hypermedia information resources mobility problems visually impaired users Towel project World Wide Web sighted mobility usability web mobility Web Accessibility Initiative user agents C7210N (Information networks) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) c72 c78& Harper, S. Goble, C. Stevens, R.4.SIGCAPH Newsletter. no.68; Sept. 2000; p.10 19:3Evaluating accessibility and usability of Web pages-\UBobby/sup SM/ is a computer-based tool that supports universal design of a specific computer-human interface, the World-Wide Web. The notion of a universally designed Web challenges society to think about plurality - to consider all individuals, regardless of age, ability, race, or economic or cultural background - when developing new technologies. Yet at this time, though the Web has much potential for broad inclusion, it often excludes some people from participating in much the same way that a staircase prevents a person in a wheelchair from going in a building's door. In response to this, CAST launched Bobby in August 1996. Bobby teaches Web designers about Web accessibility by displaying accessibility problems directly within the context of the designer's site. Bobby is a teaching tool, helping Web designers (including the rapidly growing number of non-professional designers who are putting up sites) learn skills they can apply later. The more people use Bobby, the more likely they will be to integrate accessibility principles into their way of thinking and their style of Web site design.computer based training handicapped aids information resources teaching user interface management systems Bobby computer based tool universal design computer human interface World Wide Web cast Web accessibility teaching tool Web site design usability C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) C7210N (Information networks) C0220 (Computing education and training) C7810C (Computer aided instruction) c78 c61 c72 c02 ,&Cooper, M. Vanderdonckt, J. Puerta, A.2+Computer Aided Design of User Interfaces II yProceedings of the Third International Conference on Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces. Kluwer Academic Publisherso Dordrecht, Netherlands 1999B;Center for Appl. Special Technol., Peabody, MA, USA vii+355s 33-42e)ngMixing oil and water: transcending method boundaries in assistive technology for traumatic brain injurybXQA prototype assistive technology for traumatic brain injury has been developed using a combination of formative experiments and contextual design. Both approaches have proved to be essential to the development of a simple communication program using a brain-body interface device. We describe the combination of these methods and their separate and joint contributions to the evolution and evaluation of an assistive technology. Our experience suggests that failure to use either research method in assistive technology development would result in critical oversights in design and evaluation..'brain handicapped aids user interface management systems method boundaries assistive technology traumatic brain injury contextual design formative experiments brain body interface device communication program C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) c78 c61JDDoherty, E. Cockton, G. Bloor, C. Benigno, D. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000F?Sch. of Comput., Eng. & Technol., Sunderland Univ., UK xiii+165 110-17 Frappaolo, C.gDM reinforces the Webe>7With the introduction of document management technology the web can be transformed into a secure and more powerful venue, averting chaos. A DM system can play a number of roles in an Internet/intranet. The paper discusses web accessibility, web-enabled document management and web-exploited document management.document handling Internet document management technology World Wide Web security intranet web accessibility web enabled document management web exploited document management C6130D (Document processing techniques) C7210 (Information services and centres) c61 c72 Inform122 1998 20-3, aids2+Conference on Universal Usability. CUU 2000 The following topics are covered: human-computer interaction; architecture and experience; the design process; human aging; diverse communities; easy access; and the Web.handicapped aids human factors Internet user interfaces human computer interaction architecture design process human aging diverse communities easy access Web C6180 (User interfaces) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) c61 c78 Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.0*ACM, New York, NY, USA; 2000; xiii+165 pp.Shneiderman, B.gUniversal usabilitysDescribes how human-computer interaction (HCI) research is being pushed to empower every citizen. Attaining the benefits of universal access to Web-based and other information, communications, entertainment and government services will require a more intense commitment to lowering costs, coupled with HCI research and usability engineering. A starting point for that research would be a program that addressed as least the universal usability challenges of technology variety, user diversity and gaps in user knowledge. Research could pave the way for broad citizen participation in quality online services and novel social, economic and political programs. America Online recognizes the centrality of usability, and has done well to make their services usable by many. Their success is admirable in reaching a fraction of the potential audience, but much work remains to achieve the goal of universal usability.B8Mynatt, E. D. Essa, I. Rogers, W. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000RKEveryday Comput. Lab., Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA xiii+165 65-71ngA multi-windowed environment for simultaneous visualization of related algorithms on the World Wide WebUsing algorithm visualization, we can depict the execution of an algorithm as a sequence of graphical snapshots, the viewing of which is controlled by the user. Although the delivery of such visualizations over the Web greatly increases their accessibility, Web-based environments for viewing algorithms often lack the richness of features that characterize similar viewing environments on standalone machines. We describe enhancements made to such a Web-based system. These enhancements conveniently present a variety of windowing options that allow the user to simultaneously view multiple snapshots. These snapshots may depict: similar views of the states of an algorithm over a range of time; different views of the state of an algorithm at a given point in time; or side-by-side comparisons of different algorithms that solve the same problem. We illustrate each of these options using variations of the quick sort algorithm.data visualisation Internet reverse engineering sorting user interfaces visual programming multiwindowed environment algorithm visualization World Wide Web algorithm execution graphical snapshots standalone machines quick sort algorithm program understanding C6110 (Systems analysis and programming) C6130B (Graphics techniques) C6180 (User interfaces) C6150G (Diagnostic testing debugging and evaluating systems) c61Naps, T. L. Bressler, E.SIGCSE Bulletin0 vol.30 no.1 19980*Lawrence Univ., Appleton, WI, USA p.277-81F?"User sensitive inclusive design" - in search of a new paradigmaThis paper considers appropriate research methodologies for the development of universal usability. It is written from the viewpoint of research which has the long-term objective of developing technological systems for everyone, including people with disabilities. It considers whether new research paradigms are appropriate and how they are different from those used within traditional technological research. It suggests the development of a new paradigm of "user-sensitive inclusive design" which includes people with disabilities within a user-centred design methodology, and recommends a collaborative approach to the development of such a methodology.handicapped aids user centred design universal usability disabilities research user sensitive inclusive design collaborative approach C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6110 (Systems analysis and programming) c78 c616/Newell, A. F. Gregor, P. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 200081Dept. of Appl. Comput., Dundee Univ., UK xiii+165 39-44 Nikolay, M.rF@Self-explanatory components: a new way to enhance user's abilityf`The self-explanatory component concept is an approach to represent data/knowledge in a multiple view format. This format is considered as a "film" where stills show different views of objects/processes and, in this way, explain a variety of objects/process features. An overview of the concept is provided and some experience of the self-explanatory component development is presented. The experience is related to filmification of computational methods and multimedia words, sentences, and messages. The relation of the self-explanatory component concept and ideas of universal usability is also considered.:3knowledge representation multimedia communication multimedia databases rendering computer graphics self explanatory components user ability enhancement data representation multiple view format universal usability C6130M (Multimedia) C6170K (Knowledge engineering techniques) C6130B (Graphics techniques) c61$Journal of Shanghai University vol.5 no.SUP 2001>7Sch. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., Aizu Univ., Japan p.115-23 Paciello, M. The intersection metaphorwThe article explains how to design Web pages so that they are accessible to both the disabled as well as everyone else. The Unified Web Site Guidelines published by the Trace Research and Development Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are the basis for what will ultimately be the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) guidelines, produced through the Web Accessibility Initiative's (WAI) Guidelines working group. Trace lists five general guidelines for creating accessible Web pages: 1) keep layouts simple and straightforward; 2) avoid side by side (columnar) presentation of text; 3) attach text to images that supplies the same changes in context as the visual cues; 4) if following guidelines 1 to 3 interferes with the presentation, use a text only page that shows the same information in an accessible format, i.e., the link to the text only page should be encountered at the beginning of the graphics page and vice versa; 5) locate buttons that perform the same function on different pages (for example, "return to home page") consistently on the page. Building on these five guidelines, the author created a list of directives relating to specific Web page elements and these are presented.electronic publishing handicapped aids human factors Internet user interfaces Web pages disabled Unified Web Site Guidelines World Wide Web Consortium W3C guidelines accessible Web pages visual cues text only page accessible format Web page elements C7210 (Information services and centres) C7230 (Publishing and reproduction) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) c72 c78 c61eWEB Techniques2-12 1997 69-715 2 Ttgraphical user interfacesgraphics intensive sites Great Britain gross anatomy groupwareguiGuideline Adherence guidelines Guidelines-handicapped aids Handicapped-$hands free browsing environmenthaptic interfaceshard of hearing hardware Health Care Reform/*trends<9Health Care Sector/*legislation & jurisprudence/standardsHealth Care SurveysHealth EducationHealth Education/*methods4/Health Education/*organization & administration Health Education/*standards Health Education/standardsHealth Manpower<7Health Planning Councils/*organization & administrationHealth PrioritiesHealth Resources0-Health Resources/*statistics & numerical data Health Services Accessibility,(Health Services Accessibility/*economics82Health Services Accessibility/*economics/standardsHDHealth Services Accessibility/*economics/statistics & numerical data@7Extending understanding of federal statistics in tableserkThis paper describes progress toward improving user interfaces for USA federal government statistics that are presented in tables. Based on studies of user behaviors and needs related to statistical tables, we describe interfaces to assist diverse users with a range of statistical literacy to explore, find, understand, and use USA federal government statistics. government data processing statistics user interface management systems user modelling user interfaces usa federal government statistics user behavior statistical tables C7130 (Public administration) C6180 (User interfaces) C1140 (Probability and statistics) c71 c61 c11PIMarchionini, G. Hert, C. Liddy, L. Shneiderman, B. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J. (!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACMk  New York, NY 2000RLInteraction Design Lab., North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill, NC, USA xiii+165 132-8r6/An examination of Web usage in a global contextpThe Web has been a growing topic of interest since its introduction into the popular culture. This study examines the use of the Web by the Fortune Global 100 firms relative to the Fortune 100. It examines the firms' desire and ability to communicate to and with individuals and organizations interested in the firm. Each firm's site was reviewed for accessibility, content, and inquiry potential. The Fortune 100 seems to be slightly ahead of the Fortune Global 100 in terms of information content and interactivity but trail in the area of multiple language availability. All of the other criteria that were examined did not clearly favor either group.>7Coll. of Bus., Nicholls State Univ., Thibodaux, LA, USAinformation resources World Wide Web usage Web site accessibility Web site interactivity Web site content Web site inquiry potential multiple language availability C7210N (Information networks) c72*#McManis, B. L. Ryker, R. Cox, K. C.HBIndustrial Management + Data Systems. vol.101, no.9; 2001; p.470 6>'0 ;v8F 1999>7Bobby: CAST's free public service for Web accessibility yBobby is a free interactive tool offered by CAST Center for Applied Special Technology for analyzing Web pages for conformity with the Web Accessibility Initiative's WAI Web accessibility content guidelines and translates them into easy to use instructions which help Web developers create sites that are accessible to people with disabilities. NLM|uInternet- World-Wide-Web Web-sites Web-pages Evaluation- Software- Bobby- cast- Center-for-Applied-Special-Technology 1999("Mobile computing and accessibilityPaper presented at WWW8, the 8th International World Wide Web Conference, 11-14 May 1999, Toronto, Canada. Summarizes the panel discussion which focused on the intersection between mobile computing and network accessibility, particularly with regard to the World Wide Web. In particular, points to the current World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) guidelines that promote the reusability of Web content across a variety of devices. NLMleInternet- World-Wide-Web Mobile-computing Wireless-communications Portable-computers Laptop-computers`ZA simulation game approach for efficient education in enterprise resource planning systemsNGEnterprise Resource Planning Systems like SAP R/3 provide a software architecture, databases, and applications to support business functions. The universal usability of ERP systems leads to an enormous complexity. This results in specific requirements for corresponding educational processes. This paper shows an integrated approach of combining traditional learning methods with newer practice-oriented methods, especially Simulation Games. The presented approach will bridge the traditional gaps between education concerning management-oriented and manufacturing-oriented software.business data processing computer aided instruction enterprise resource planning simulation game usability educational processes management oriented manufacturing oriented C7100 (Business and administration) C7810C (Computer aided instruction) c71 c78RLAdelsberger, H. H. Bick, M. H. Kraus, U. F. Pawlowski, J. M. Szczerbicka, H.lfModelling and Simulation: A Tool for the Next Millennium 13th European Simulation Multiconference 1999 SCS  San Diego, CA 1999`ZInf. Syst. for Prod. & Oper. Manage., Essen Univ., Germany Esm'99 2 vol. (xiv+704+xvi+546) 454-60 vol.1 Alschuler, L.EHBMaking your Web site accessible: a practice that benefits everyoned^Roughly one-seventh of the population suffers some sort of print disability that hinders their reading of graphics-intensive sites. In the spirit of the World Wide Web Consortium's initiative to make the Web accessible, the author presents simple ways to rate a site's accessibility and recommended techniques for making sure you reach this audience.human factors information retrieval Internet Web site accessibility print disability graphics intensive sites World Wide Web Consortium D2080 (Information services and database systems) D5020 (Computer networks and intercomputer communications) D1040 (Human aspects) d20 d50 d10,%Seybold Report on Internet Publishing29 1998 17-20 1998Anderson, P. F.C>8Universal access to the Web: issues involving technology Contribution to a special issue on HIV/AIDS Internet information sources and resources. Discusses the issues surrounding the accessibility of World Wide Web pages to disabled people of all kinds. Identifies some core Web resources for information on Web accessibility; existing guidelines and policies; and what major computer companies have to say. Lists some companies producing special programs to improve access for disabled people, some organizations involved in policy issues, and suggestions for further reading. PMVOAccess-to-information World-Wide-Web Web-sites Handicapped- Information-sources3jVPAnimated icons: re-inventing visual cues for the visually impaired computer userUniversal access to information is critical for universal participation in society. The graphical user interface is a mainstream means for accessing the computing resources needed to access information. These interfaces have become challenging to the visually impaired. Many partially sighted individuals possess residual vision. While the enlargement of screen content is important, enlargement alone will not address all of issues involving the utilization of GUI. While icons are generally useful, animation increases the usefulness of the icons. The sizes of static and animated icons are compared in order to ascertain the impact of animation on icon size.computer animation graphical user interfaces handicapped aids user interface management systems animated icons visually impaired computer user visual cues universal information access graphical user interface partially sighted individuals residual vision gui animation icon size C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6130B (Graphics techniques) C6180G (Graphical user interfaces) c78 c61&Ludi, S. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000PJDept. of Comput. Sci. & Eng., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ, USA xiii+165 145-6 2000 8799.4500004Luedtke, C. B.HAEnsuring your website meets the needs of disabled library patrons.,%Library users with disabilities must be able not only to use information technology, but also to access and understand the information made available through that technology. There are a number of software and hardware remedies to address the sensory, physical, and cognitive limitations that prevent people from accessing and using information on the Internet. However, many of the barriers to Web accessibility are the result of poor web page design and misuse of HTML codes. Lists some Internet tools that can help libraries evaluate and improve the accessibility of their websites. Provides advice on the planning and development of a library website to ensure that the needs of people with disabilities are incorporated into the site design. Lists some Internet resources on Web accessibility issues.^XLibrary-technology World-Wide-Web Web-sites Users- Disabled-people Access-to-informationLEImproving Web accessibility for visually handicapped people using KAICurrently, the vast majority of content published on the Internet is inaccessible to visually impaired users. However, designers have guidelines that guarantee the accessibility of pages as well as software tools to facilitate this task. It is necessary to consider the user's perspective too, allowing him/her to participate in the restructuring or presentation process of content. There are few software tools which are able to do this. KAI (Accessibility Kit for the Internet) considers both the user and the designer. It classifies the different components of a published Web page and presents them to the user according to his/her needs. At the same time, it improves their accessibility. KAI is based on a new language, BML (Blind Markup Language) that helps authors develop better structured pages. It provides two levels of independence: original Web code and user platform. KAI includes a mixed audio/touch browser that enables selective reading of contents.handicapped aids haptic interfaces information resources online front ends speech based user interfaces Web accessibility visually handicapped people kai software tools Internet Accessibility Kit Web page bml Blind Markup Language structured pages original Web code user platform mixed audiotouch browser selective content reading C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210N (Information networks) C7250N (Search engines) C6180 (User interfaces) c78 c72 c61d(!Macias, M. Sanchez, F. Tilley, S.4LEProceedings 3rd International Workshop on Web Site Evolution WSE 20010 Soc Los Alamitos, CA 2001TMDepartamento de Informatica, Univ. de Extremadura, Spain IEEE Comput viii+133i 49-5465f 2000b\Enhancing Web accessibility via the Vox Portal and a Web-hosted dynamic HTML-VoxML converterpiPaper presented at: The Web: the next generation. Ninth International World Wide Web Conference, Amsterdam, 15-19 May 2000. Interactive voice browsers offer an alternative paradigm that enables both sighted and visually impaired users to access the World Wide Web. In addition to desktop personal computers (PCs), voice browsers afford ubiquitous mobile access to the World Wide Web using a wide range of consumer devices. This technology can facilitate a safe, 'hands-free' browsing environment which is of importance both to car drivers and various mobile and technical professionals. By providing voice-mediated access, information providers can reach a wider audience and leverage existing investment in their World Wide Web content. Describes the Vox Portal, a scaleable VoxML client and a World Wide Web Server-hosted dynamic HTML-VoxML converter. (Original abstract)ZTInternet- World-Wide-Web Searching- Browsers- Blind-and-partially-sighted Vox-Portal.(Goose, S. Newman, M. Schmidt, C. Hue, L.D aidsVPIntelligent speech for information systems: towards biliteracy and trilingualism4-This paper reports on our research and development effort in human-computer spoken language interfaces, capable of processing English and Chinese, including two dialects for Chinese (Cantonese and Putonghua). This is the language environment in Hong Kong, and in order to develop human-computer spoken language interfaces that can be used by almost anybody in the region, we strive to develop speech and language technologies capable of handling biliteracy and trilingualism. The context of use is in accessing real-time information in the financial domain.znatural language interfaces speech based user interfaces user interface management systems user modelling intelligent speech information systems biliteracy trilingualism human computer spoken language interfaces English language Chinese language Cantonese dialect Putonghua dialect Hong Kong real time information access financial domain C6180N (Natural language processing) c61("Meng, H. M. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000TNHuman-Comput. Commun. Lab., Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin, China xiii+165 91-5@9The IUSR project and the common industry reporting formate&For 3 years, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been leading the Industry Usability Reporting (IUSR) project. The purpose of the project is to increase the visibility of software usability. Participants are from major software suppliers and customer organizations. This paper presents an overview of the IUSR project. Major emphasis is placed on the Common Industry Format (CIF) for reporting the results of usability tests. The current focus of the group centers around pilot testing to validate the use of the CIF.software standards user interface management systems user modelling National Institute of Standards and Technology nist Industry Usability Reporting project IUSR project software usability Common Industry Format cif pilot testing C6180 (User interfaces) c61*#Morse, E. L. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000F?Nat. Inst. of Stand. & Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA xiii+165 155-6ation library automation prejudicial factors virtual library accessibility equal opportunities World Wide Web sites Americans with Disabilities Act library patrons physical collections equipment electronic resources Web Accessibility Initiative guidelines library resources C7210N (Information networks) C7210L (Library automation) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C0230B (Legal aspects of computing) c72 c78 c02*$Information Technology and Libraries181 1999 22-56= 1999 4970.000000 Kelly, B.$The evolution of Web protocols{Contribution to a special issue devoted to the work of the United Kingdom Office for Library and Information Networking (UKOLN). Outlines the evolution of World Wide Web protocols. Reviews the original protocols developed for the Web, in addressing, transport and data formats. Describes how the Web initially lacked a metadata architecture and outlines the emergence of a metadata architecture for the Web. Includes a review of Web technologies which have an impact on society, including the Web Accessibility Initiative, the Digital Signature Initiative and the Platform for Privacy Preferences Project. (Original abstract - amended)HAOnline-information-retrieval World-Wide-Web Searching- Protocols- 1999 6149.0550001 Kester, D.*$Measuring the sight of your Web siteArticle concluded in a special issue devoted partly to the theme: Life and limb: issues of security and safety. Discusses aspects of the design of Web sites that relate to visually handicapped users, including problem areas in Web page design, the Web Access Initiative (WAI), the National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM) project to make Web pages more accessible and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) 'Bobby' Web site evaluation and approval scheme . Reports briefly the results of a study of 48 North Carolina public library Web sites, which found that only 28 per cent were 'Bobby' approved, 59 per cent were 'not yet' meeting the required standards. For a list of the results see .jcWorld-Wide-Web Web-sites Blind-and-partially-sighted Design- Research- Web-Accessibility-InitiativetmAn inclusive design of remittance services for the blind users' operation of automatic teller machines (ATMs)a$We report the inclusive design of automatic teller machines (ATM) for blind users, especially their use of remittance services. We examine design guidelines of the remittance operation for the users, based on operation by voice instruction and/or feedback using a handset. Then we implement the prototype system under the guidelines and evaluated it by experiment. Subjects were four blind men. The results showed that the system worked effectively. However, the reduction in time for all operations required was indicated as a main problem.f_automatic teller machines handicapped aids performance evaluation remittance processing user centred design user interface management systems inclusive design remittance services blind users atm voice instruction feedback evaluation C7120 (Financial computing) C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) c71 c78 c61B;Kobayashi, I. Iwazaki, A. Sasaki, K. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000LEFac. of Software & Inf. Sci., Iwate Prefectural Univ., Japan xiii+165 153-4F?Distributed, Web-based microstructure database for brain tissueA finite element model of the cerebral cortex enables a structured visualization of its gross anatomy and provides access to the neuronal databases associated with each finite element of tissue. Partitioned by finite elements, the distributed, Web based microstructure database serves as a tool for organizing neurons and neuronal forests, and for modeling local cortical microstructure by wiring up the forests. Embedding the database in XML adds structure and Web accessibility to the inherent information. When integrated with the brain tissue scanner, the distributed, Web based microstructure database serves as a comprehensive infrastructure for organizing brain tissue at three different hierarchical levels: volume, neuronal morphology, and network.F@Dept. of Comput. Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA2+brain data visualisation distributed processing finite element analysis hypermedia markup languages information resources medical information systems neural nets distributed Web based microstructure database brain tissue finite element model cerebral cortex structured visualization gross anatomy neuronal database access finite element partitioning neuronal forests local cortical microstructure xml Web accessibility brain tissue scanner comprehensive infrastructure hierarchical levels neuronal morphology C7140 (Medical administration) C7210N (Information networks) C6130B (Graphics techniques) C6150N (Distributed systems software) C6130M (Multimedia) C4185 (Finite element analysis) C1290L (Systems theory applications in biology and medicine) C7330 (Biology and medical computing) c71 c72 c61 c41 c12 c730Koh, W. McCormick, B. H.6/Neurocomputing. vol.32 33; June 2000; p.1065 71- >/ 2001 3702.580500  Lilly, E. B.4.Creating accessible Web sites: an introductionHAThe Internet and World Wide Web provide instant access to vast quantities of information. Unfortunately, many people with visual, hearing, mobility, or learning disabilities are unable to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by the Web. This is because badly designed and/or inaccessible Web sites prevent them from fully experiencing the graphical and aural benefits of the medium. Introduces concepts of accessible Web design and describes how Web designers can build sites accessible to everyone with little added effort. It also provides a brief legal and economic rationale as to why it is important to do so. Principles of universal design and the guidelines developed by the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Accessibility Initiative are described. An appendix of selected resources is also included. (Original abstract)TNInternet- Web-sites Design- Users- Disabled-people Blind-and-partially-sightedPJComputer head control software to compensate for neck movement limitationsComputer head controls provide an alternative means of computer access for people with disabilities. However, a person's ability to use head controls may be reduced if his or her disability involves neck movement limitations. Software was developed which incorporates five methods of compensating for a user's neck movement limitation. This software is used to evaluate and compare these methods, in order to determine their effectiveness in helping people operate a computer using head controls.gesture recognition handicapped aids user interface management systems computer head control software neck movement limitations computer access disabled persons C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) c78 c61D=LoPresti, E. Brienza, D. M. Angelo, J. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000PJDept. of Bioeng. & Rehabilitation Sci., Pittsburgh Univ., PA, USA xiii+165 147-8PIThe Spanish National Reference Database for Ionizing Radiations (BANDRRI)2+The Spanish National Reference Database for Ionizing Radiations (BANDRRI) is being implemented by a reasearch team in the frame of a joint project between CIEMAT (Unidad de Metrologia de Radiaciones Ionizantes and Direction de Informatica) and the Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED, Departamento de Mecanica y Departamento de Fisica de Materiales). This paper presents the main objectives of BANDRRI, its dynamic and relational data base structure, interactive web accessibility and its main radionuclide-related contents at this moment.bibliographic systems physics computing radioactivity relational databases Spanish National Reference Database for Ionizing Radiations bandrri relational data base structure interactive web accessibility main radionuclide related contents A2880 (Radiation technology in nuclear engineering including shielding) C7320 (Physics and chemistry computing) C7250C (Bibliographic retrieval systems) C6160D (Relational databases) a28 c73 c72 c61xqLos, Arcos J. M. Bailador, A. Gonzalez, A. Gonzalez, C. Gorostiza, C. Ortiz, F. Sanchez, E. Shaw, M. Williart, A.$Applied Radiation and Isotopes vol.52 no.3 2000$CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain p.335-40&>PJBringing the Web to the world: adding Web functionality to almost anythingInformation is one of the most important commodities people consume today. In fact, the way we create, collect, and disseminate information governs the way we that we live our lives. The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) have recently emerged as a powerful new media for collecting, publishing, and accessing information. Any person equipped with a computer and a Web browser software can now search for and view up-to-date information on any subject. We are in the midst of an information revolution that is being driven by new computer and communications technologies. Consumer electronics manufacturers are ramping up to embed Web accessibility into their devices; however simple connectivity will not suffice. We need to ensure that devices are capable of truly leveraging the vast array of information that exists online. While devices such as televisions, games consoles, and network computers are capable of running thin browsers that function much like their larger PC-based forerunners, solutions must also be in place for devices with limited memory and storage such as pagers, phones, and some PDAs. This class explores the various options available to add web functionality to any embedded system-based product.f_hypermedia notebook computers online front ends real time systems Web functionality World Wide Web Internet Web browser consumer electronics manufacturers televisions games consoles network computers pagers phones PDAs embedded system based product C7250N (Front end systems for online searching) C6130M (Multimedia) C5430 (Microcomputers) c72 c61 c54eKowalski, B. Wingard, S.<5Proceedings of the Embedded Systems Conference Spring8 Miller Freeman San Francisco, CAe 1998 2 vol. 1072m 251-64 vol.1aP81999;1999 Adelsberger1999' Alschuler1998>Anderson1998Andoa Angelo20000 Baecker2000Bailador2000# Baker1999? Balas1998Barnicle2000+ Beckett1997 Bell20002" Bellavista Benigno2000 Bick1999e Bloor2000 Boldyreff2001 Booth2000 Booth2000(Bressler1998 Brienza2000 Buenadicha Burd2001 Burrell2000  Carter2001! Casey1999 Catarci2000 Chamorroa  Chisolm2001  Chong1999Clarkson20000 Clyde2001 Cockton2000 Colwell Cooper1999" Corradi Cox9 Dardailler1999 Doherty2000 Donkin20010 Ellis2000 Essa20000 Eswaran1999Forlizzi2000) Frappaolo1998 Gay2000 Giles2000Giordano2000Goble Goetz2000 GonzalezaGonzalez2000Gonzalez2000 Goose20005 Goose2000 Gorostiza2000 Gregor2000 Gregor2000% Gunderson1998 Hamza1999 HarperHarrison2000: Hattery1999 Hayashi Heathcote2000 Heim2000 Hert2000n Hirsch2000 Hochheiser2001 Hochheiser20011 Huang2000 Hue20005 Hue2000. Hustead2001 Hyder2000 Ichihara Ichihara Isaak2000 Iwazaki2000 Jacobs2001n Jerrams2000 Jilek19787 Jobe1999 Jovicic2000Karvonen2000  Kasday2000 Kasday2000<Kautzman1998 Keates2000$ Kelly1999= Kelly19996 Kester1999# Kitsuregawa1999 Kobayashi2000Kohshi2000KohKohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998̀ Kohane1998 Kohane1998h Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998h Kohane1998h Kohane1998h Kohane1998h Kohane1998̀ Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998h Kohane1998h Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998̀ Kohane1998 Kohane1998 Kohane1998h Kohane1998h Kohane1998̀ Kohane1998 Kohane1998l Konrad20000 Konrad200008l Konrad20000998l Konrad20000l Konrad200008l Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad200008l Konrad20000998l Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad200008l Konrad20000998l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad200008l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad200008l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Kohane1998l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad200008l Konrad20000l Konrad20000998l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad200002l Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad200002l Konrad20000 Konrad200002l Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad200002002l Konrad20000 Konrad200002l Konrad20000 Konrad20000002l Konrad200002l Konrad20000 Konrad20000002l Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad200002l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad20000002l Konrad20000 Konrad20000l Konrad20000l Konrad20000 Konrad200002l Konrad200002l Konrad200002l Konrad20000 Konrad20000 Konrad200004VH Schmetzke, A.tD=Web accessibility at university libraries and library schoolsThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandates that library programs and services must be accessible to people with disabilities. In an era in which much information resides in digitalized form on the WWW, the ADA's mandate must be interpreted as applying not only to physical space but also to cyberspace. Just as in the physical world, proper design is a crucial issue. Only accessibly designed Web pages ensure that all people, including those with print disabilities, have access to Web-based information. Previous studies indicate that a large proportion of campus and university library Web pages are not accessible. This study looks at the universities that, according to US News and World Report, have the nation's 24 most highly ranked schools of library and information science (SLIS). The findings give cause for concern. It is reasonable to assume that low Web page accessibility at the nation's leading library schools reflects a lack of awareness about this issue among the leaders and trainers in the library profession.,&Wisconsin-Stevens Point Univ., WI, USAztacademic libraries handicapped aids information resources Internet library automation Web accessibility university libraries library schools Americans with Disabilities Act cyberspace Web pages print disabilities information science library profession C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210L (Library automation) C7210N (Information networks) c78 c722,Library Hi Tech. vol.19, no.1; 2001; p.35 49 2001 5198.870000L Schmetzke, A.D=Web accessibility at university libraries and library schoolsHAThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandates that library programmes and services must be accessible to people with disabilities. In an era in which much information resides in digitalized form on the World Wide Web, the ADA's mandate must be interpreted as applying not only to physical space but also to cyberspace and, just as in the physical world, proper design is a crucial issue. Only accessibly designed Web pages ensure that all people, including those with print disabilities, have access to Web based information. Previous studies indicate that a large proportion of campus and university library Web pages are not accessible. Examines the universities that have the nation's 24 most highly ranked schools of library and information science (SLIS). The findings give cause for concern and it judged to be reasonable to assume that low Web page accessibility at the nation's leading library schools reflects a lack of awareness about this issue among the leaders and trainers in the library profession. (The author may be contacted by electronic mail at aschmetz@uwsp.edu).Library-technology Internet- World-Wide-Web Users- Handicapped- University-libraries usa- Role-in Americans-with-Disabilities-Act Library-schoolsbJCThe case for the use of plain English to increase web accessibilityvpWithin the endeavour of work to increase the accessibility of Web pages, little attention has been paid to the contribution that simplifying the textual content could make. Furthermore, attention needs to be given to alternative renderings of Web page content as the Web becomes more graphically and aurally orientated. This paper describes the role that plain language can play in supporting accessibility, particularly where textual content must be translated into sign language or speech, where plain language is clear and simple language which is both readable and understandable by the audience for which it is intended. It concludes that the use of plain language in Web sites can aid accessibility for many categories of user including those with hearing or visual disabilities, or both as is the case with the deaf-blind population, but also for the population as a whole."handicapped aids information resources plain English Web accessibility Web pages textual content sign language speech Web sites hearing disabilities visual disabilities deaf blind population C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C7210N (Information networks) c78 c72@9Boldyreff, C. Burd, E. Donkin, J. Marshall, S. Tilley, S.LEProceedings 3rd International Workshop on Web Site Evolution WSE 2001 Soc Los Alamitos, CA 2001@9Comput. Sci. Dept., Durham Univ., UK IEEE Comput viii+133 42-8@9A new Web assessment index: Spanish universities analysistDespite the rapid growth of the World Wide Web in the last several years few studies have appeared in the literature assessing Web sites' efficacy. This paper provides an original Web Assessment Index, focused on four categories: accessibility, speed, navigability and content. The scoring mechanism is explained and the index is applied to assess the Web sites of all Spanish universities. Finally, conclusions and implications derived from this study are presented.JCDept. of Human Resources Manage., Extremadura Univ., Badajoz, Spain<6educational computing information resources Internet Web assessment index Spanish universities analysis World Wide Web Web site accessibility Web site speed Web site navigability Web site content C7210N (Information networks) C6150N (Distributed systems software) C7110 (Educational administration) c72 c61 c71\UBuenadicha, Mateos M. Chamorro, Mera A. Miranda, Gonzalez F. J. Gonzalez, Lopez O. R.d^Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy. vol.11, no.3; 2001; p.226 34<6Participant stakeholder evaluation as a design processThis paper discusses participant stakeholder evaluation and its use in designing an evaluative protocol for inter-firm development and sharing of Web-based learning modules. Participant stakeholder evaluation involves participants as researchers who design and evaluate evaluative protocols. It has a strong link with participatory action research and collaborative inquiry methods where the line is blurred between "the researcher" and "the researched". Participatory evaluation methods were used as a method in support of system design to help define features of learning modules, define content, and to enhance usability and effectiveness in work contexts. Preliminary results strongly suggest that these techniques are successful in uncovering usability issues during the process of design, were instrumental in helping define an architecture for learning modules, help to increase user acceptance, and inform company strategy.business data processing distance learning groupware information resources user centred design participant stakeholder evaluation evaluative protocol inter firm development Web based learning modules system design usability user acceptance company strategy C7100 (Business and administration) C6110 (Systems analysis and programming) C7810C (Computer aided instruction) C7210N (Information networks) C6130G (Groupware) c71 c61 c78 c722,Giordano, R. Bell, D. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability1  CUU 2000. ACM0  New York, NY 2000NGCenter for Innovation in Product Dev., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA xiii+165s 53-60sngEnhancing Web accessibility via the Vox Portal and a Web-hosted dynamic HTML to or from VoxML converterInteractive voice browsers offer an alternative paradigm that enables both sighted and visually impaired users to access the World Wide Web. In addition to the desktop PC, voice browsers afford ubiquitous mobile access to the World Wide Web using a wide range of consumer devices. This technology can facilitate a safe, `hands-free' browsing environment which is of importance both to car drivers and various mobile and technical professionals. By providing voice-mediated access, information providers can reach a wider audience and leverage existing investment in their World Wide Web content. The authors describe the Vox Portal, a scaleable VoxML client, and a World Wide Web server-hosted dynamic HTML to or from VoxML converter.client server systems hypermedia markup languages information resources natural language interfaces online front ends speech based user interfaces Web accessibility Vox Portal Web hosted dynamic HTML to or from VoxML converter interactive voice browsers visually impaired users World Wide Web desktop PC ubiquitous mobile access consumer devices hands free browsing environment car drivers technical professionals voice mediated access World Wide Web content scaleable VoxML client C7250N (Search engines) C7210N (Information networks) C5260S (Speech processing techniques) C6180N (Natural language processing) C6150N (Distributed systems software) C6130M (Multimedia) c72 c52 c61.(Goose, S. Newman, M. Schmidt, C. Hue, L.Computer Networkss vol.33 no.1-6 2000LFMultimedia Dept., Siemens Corp. Res. Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA p.583-928    % -L 6 k . | nt l \):*  H PT 7 Fwf ~   W _FK7  ` X@>  4#ser interfacesJCReducing the gap between what users know and what they need to knowi Universal usability is currently impeded by system complexity and poorly-crafted interfaces which lead to confusion, frustration, and failure. One of the key challenges is the gap between what users know and what they need to know. This paper describes and presents early results from three related research projects, designed to identify and close this gap and to examine how users might learn what they need to know. The projects are on: (a) system complexity as manifested in functionality-filled software; (b) enhancement of the usability of E-mail systems; (c) development of a new method for mitigating system complexity by radically changing the way in which we present information about what users need to know; the method borrows from the field of software visualization.electronic mail multimedia systems program visualisation user centred design user interface management systems user modelling universal usability research projects user modeling human centered design multimedia system complexity E mail systems software visualization C6180 (User interfaces) C6155 (Computer communications software) C6130M (Multimedia) C6110V (Visual programming) C6115 (Programming support) c61VPBaecker, R. Booth, K. Jovicic, S. McGrenere, J. Moore, G. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000HBKnowledge Media Design Inst., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada xiii+165 17-23$@:Scalable web server design for distributed data management>7With the explosive popularity of the internet and the world wide web (WWW), there is a rapidly growing need to provide unprecedented access to globally distributed data sources through the internet. Web accessibility will be an essential component of the services that future digital libraries should provide for clients. This need has created a strong demand for database access capability through the internet, and high performance scalable web servers. As most popular web sites are experiencing overload from an increasing number of users accessing the sites at the same time, it is desired that scalable web servers should adapt to the changing access characteristics and should be capable of handling a large number of concurrent requests simultaneously, with reasonable response times and minimal request drop rates..'distributed databases information resources Internet search engines scalable web server design distributed data management world wide web globally distributed data sources digital libraries C6160B (Distributed databases) C5620W (Other computer networks) C7210N (Information networks) c61 c56 c72PIBaker, S. M. Moon, B. Kitsuregawa, M. Maciaszek, L. Papazoglou, M. Pu, C.VPProceedings 15th International Conference on Data Engineering (Cat No.99CB36337) Soc Los Alamitos, CA 1999RKDept. of Comput. Sci., Arizona Univ., Tucson, AZ, USA IEEE Comput xxiii+64896! dBICES/HCII, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA xiii+165 72-9F?Universal usability statements: marking the trail for all usersiFor Web surfers, good guidance and safe visits are still too rare. Despite extensive research and improved products, the primary experience of many users is frustration and anxiety. Common problems include long download times, incompatible browser versions, and unavailable plug-ins. Too often users find that their screen size does not match the designer's screen size, needed fonts are not installed, or media players just do not work on their machine. These problems are troubling to experienced users as well as novices; they are even more problematic to users with disabilities. The paper considers how we need trail signs for Web sites. Universal usability statements are declarations by Web site designers of the usability measures and concerns associated with a given Web site. The statements describe the contents of a site, browser requirements, network requirements, and other characteristics that may influence its usability. We have created a universal usability statement template."human factors information resources Internet user interfaces universal usability statements user frustration Web browser screen size fonts disabled users experienced users novice users Web sites trail signs user interface C7210N (Information networks) C6180 (User interfaces) c72 c61$Hochheiser, H. Shneiderman, B. Interactions82 2001 16-18$x<f 1998 8214.625500OKautzman, A. M.IXQVirtuous, virtual access: making Web pages accessible to people with disabilitiesd^Web pages need to be accessible for the disabled and failure to respond to the needs of the disabled may involve legal liability, especially when so many tools exist to solve the problem for libraries and businesses. Briefly describes some tools that allow access to the Web, including refreshable Braille displays; screen readers; and captioning video clips. Describes the work of the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), an offshoot of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is pursuing accessibility of the Web. The biggest barrier to Web page access, however, remains Web page design. Provides guidelines for Web page design to ensure access for disabled users, covering layout, HTML use, colour, buttons, images, links, image maps, forms, columns and frames, and applets and plug-ins. Gives a list of Web sites that deal with Web accessibility issues. JPvoWorld-Wide-Web Web-pages Physically-handicapped User-interface Design- Guidelines- Web-Accessibility-Initiative4-Towards a practical inclusive design approach  It is known that many products are not accessible to large sections of the population. Designers instinctively design for able-bodied users and are either unaware of the needs of users with different capabilities, or do not know how to accommodate their needs into the design cycle. This aim of this paper is to present a methodological design approach for implementing inclusive design. A summary of the principal methods for designing for users with different capabilities is given along with a description of a model, the Inclusive Design Cube, that displays how the different approaches are complementary and can provide complete population coverage. A case study of the design of an information point for use in a post office, is used to highlight the use of the model.LEhandicapped aids postal services user centred design user aware design accessibility Inclusive Design Cube information point design post office functional impairments C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6110 (Systems analysis and programming) C7185 (Administration of other service industries) c78 c61 c71TNKeates, S. Clarkson, P. J. Harrison, L. A. Robinson, P. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 20002+Dept. of Eng., Cambridge Univ., UK xiii+165 45-52 Kelly, B. $The evolution of Web protocolsThis paper outlines the evolution of World Wide Web protocols. It reviews the original protocols developed for the Web, in addressing, transport and data formats. A review of developments of the protocols is given, including developments of Web data formats (HTML 4.0, cascading stylesheets and XML), transport (HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/NG) and addressing (URLs). The paper describes how the Web initially lacked a metadata architecture and outlines the emergence of a metadata architecture for the Web. The paper includes a review of Web technologies which have a social impact on our society, including the Web Accessibility Initiative, the Digital Signature Initiative and the Platform for Privacy Preferences Project.<5UK Office for Libr. & Inf. Networking, Bath Univ., UKhypermedia markup languages information resources Internet meta data protocols social aspects of automation Web protocols World Wide Web Web addressing Web transport data formats html cascading stylesheets xml http url metadata architecture social impact Web Accessibility Initiative Digital Signature Initiative Platform for Privacy Preferences Project C7210N (Information networks) C6150N (Distributed systems software) C6155 (Computer communications software) C0230 (Economic social and political aspects of computing) c72 c61 c02Journal of Documentation551 1999 71-81j^" Krehl, P.-(!Production of X-ray interferencessb\In parallel with the development of X-ray flash tubes and their application in measuring techniques, efforts have been made to produce X-ray flash interferences of dynamically high compressed matter. In the introduction a survey is given on the relatively few performed experiments of the last thirty years. After that a high-vacuum X-ray flash tube is described with a high life time and universal usability. X-ray diffraction patterns are shown which were obtained by single X-ray flashes in less than 1 mu s using the reflecting method of Bragg and the transmission methods of Laue and Debye-Scherrer.& Tech. Univ. Berlin, West Germany("X ray diffraction X ray tubes production X ray interferences dynamically high compressed matter high vacuum X ray flash tube X ray diffraction patterns A0785 (X ray gamma ray instruments and techniques) A2930K (X and gamma ray spectroscopy) B7450 (X ray and gamma ray equipment) a07 a29 b74 Messtechnik809 1972 252-660A rule of thumb of icons' visual distinctiveness4-Icon distinctiveness can be divided into physical distinctiveness, which is related to recognition of the objects the icon is comprised of, and perceptual distinctiveness, which is related to the understanding of what the objects in the icon represent. An icon is usually designed in an environment that consists of a set of icons. In this setting, the icon has to be physically and perceptually distinguishable among the other icons in the set. Icons performing similar functions, however, should bear family resemblance to increase family distinctiveness.graphical user interfaces object recognition user centred design user interface management systems user modelling icon visual distinctiveness physical distinctiveness perceptual distinctiveness family resemblance family distinctiveness C6180G (Graphical user interfaces) c61.'Kurniawan, S. H. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000HBInst. of Gerontology, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI, USA xiii+165 159-60JDAn empirical study on the usability of an information navigation aid|uThe Computer Aided Information Navigation (CAIN) project provides a method of adaptive navigation support that aims to increase the World-Wide Web's value as a pedagogical tool. To examine whether the system's approach improves comprehension under specific conditions, an experiment compared CAIN with conventional Web tools on three measures of performance: comprehension scores, task completion times and user satisfaction. Results revealed that comprehension scores were 30% greater with CAIN than with the conventional tools and indicated that task completion times can also be reduced without compromising user satisfaction.adaptive systems computer aided instruction information resources information retrieval system evaluation task analysis teaching user modelling usability Computer Aided Information Navigation project CAIN project adaptive navigation support World Wide Web pedagogical tool performance comprehension scores task completion times user satisfaction C7810C (Computer aided instruction) C7250 (Information storage and retrieval) C6180 (User interfaces) C7210N (Information networks) c78 c72 c61JCLamas, D. R. Jerrams, Smith J. Heathcote, D. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal Usability  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000RKMultimedia Resource Center, Univ. Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal xiii+165 151-2d]The development of a simple, low cost set of universal access features for electronic devicesoA simple set of universal access features has been developed, which can be applied to almost any public or personal electronic device, providing access for people with a wide variety of sensory and physical disabilities, and a wide variety of functional limitations imposed by circumstance. Implementing the features require adding one to three buttons to the device (or using existing buttons on a device if appropriate), adding speech output and enhancing the programming of the device to utilize the techniques. In our experience, thus far, adding these features can be done for approximately 1% or less of the retail value of the device. This paper introduces the access features (collectively called EZ Access/sup TM/ pronounced "easy access"), and discusses some of the key underlying principles which make the features easy to learn and use. Other issues concerning industrial transfer or the techniques are also discussed.yhandicapped aids technology transfer user centred design user interface management systems universal access features electronic devices sensory disabilities physical disabilities speech output buttons device programming EZ Access industrial transfer C7850 (Computer assistance for persons with handicaps) C6180 (User interfaces) C6110 (Systems analysis and programming) c78 c616/Law, C. Vanderheiden, G. Scholtz, J. Thomas, J.(!Conference on Universal UsabilityE  CUU 2000. ACM  New York, NY 2000BUniversal usability as a stimulus to advanced interface designyThe desire to make computing available to broader populations has historically been a motivation for research and innovation that led to new breakthroughs in usability. Menus, graphical user interfaces and the World Wide Web are examples of innovative technological solutions that have arisen out of the challenge of bringing larger and more diverse groups of users into the world of computing. Universal usability is the latest such challenge: In order to build systems that are universally usable, designers must account for technology variety, user diversity and gaps in user knowledge. These issues are particularly challenging and important in the context of increasing the usability of the World Wide Web. To raise awareness, Web designers are urged to provide universal usability statements that offer users information about the usability of their sites. These statements can inform users and thereby reduce frustration and confusion. Further steps toward universal usability might be achieved through research aimed at developing tools that would encourage or promote usability. The paper closes with five proposals for future research.B